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GABA and glycine in the developing brain.

Susumu Ito1

  • 1High-Tech Research Centre, Kokushikan University, Tokyo, Japan. itossm@kokushikan.ac.jp.

The Journal of Physiological Sciences : JPS
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PubMed
Summary

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine act as excitatory neurotransmitters in the developing brain. Failure of these neurotransmitters to become inhibitory may lead to neurological disorders such as autism spectrum disorders.

Keywords:
Activity dependent functiogenesisGABAGiant depolarizing potentialsGlycine

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Neurochemistry

Background:

  • GABA and glycine are key inhibitory neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS), acting on chloride channel-coupled receptors.
  • In immature CNS, high intracellular chloride leads to depolarizing, excitatory effects of GABA and glycine.
  • These neurotransmitters are crucial for spontaneous neural network activities in the developing brain, like giant depolarizing potentials (GDPs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the dual role of GABA and glycine as excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters during CNS development.
  • To understand the significance of GABA and glycine in activity-dependent neurogenesis.
  • To investigate the potential link between altered GABAergic and glycinergic signaling and neurodevelopmental disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on GABA and glycine function in the developing CNS.
  • Analysis of the role of intracellular chloride concentration in neurotransmitter action.
  • Examination of the impact of developmental shifts in GABA and glycine signaling on neural network formation.

Main Results:

  • GABA and glycine exhibit excitatory properties in the early developmental CNS due to high intracellular chloride.
  • These excitatory actions contribute to spontaneous network activities like GDPs, crucial for functiogenesis.
  • A failure in the developmental shift from excitatory to inhibitory neurotransmission by GABA and glycine is implicated in neural disorders.

Conclusions:

  • The developmental transition of GABA and glycine from excitatory to inhibitory roles is critical for normal brain maturation.
  • Aberrant signaling of these neurotransmitters during development may contribute to conditions like autism spectrum disorders.
  • Further research into the precise mechanisms of this developmental shift is warranted.