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Retinal structural changes in systemic arterial hypertension: an OCT study.

Fahrettin Akay1, Fatih C Gündoğan2, Umit Yolcu3

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Systemic arterial hypertension in young adults is associated with reduced ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness, but not retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) or macular thickness. GCC thinning may serve as an early indicator of hypertensive retinal changes.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Cardiology
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Systemic arterial hypertension (sHT) is a growing concern in young adults.
  • Early detection of hypertensive effects on the retina is crucial for preventing vision loss.
  • Optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows for detailed structural analysis of retinal layers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate changes in retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell complex (GCC), and macular thickness in young adults with sHT.
  • To compare these retinal parameters between hypertensive individuals and healthy controls.

Main Methods:

  • A spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) study involving 80 young adults with sHT and 80 age-matched healthy controls.
  • Measurements included RNFL thickness, macular thickness, and GCC thickness.
  • Exclusion criteria included known systemic or ocular diseases.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in RNFL thickness were observed between the sHT and control groups across all quadrants.
  • Patients with sHT exhibited significantly reduced central macular thickness and outer temporal superior/inferior GCC thickness.
  • Systolic and diastolic blood pressure showed a negative correlation with inner temporal superior and inferior GCC thickness.

Conclusions:

  • Ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness reduction appears to be a more sensitive indicator of hypertensive retinal changes than RNFL or macular thickness in young adults.
  • GCC thinning may represent an early structural biomarker for monitoring hypertensive retinopathy.