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Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Protein synthesis is indispensable for viral replication, as viruses lack the cellular machinery required for this process and must hijack the host's translational apparatus. In response, host cells deploy a critical innate immune defense involving interferons, specialized cytokines that play a central role in inhibiting viral propagation.Upon viral detection, infected cells release interferons that bind to receptors on adjacent uninfected cells, activating the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Identification of Nucleolar Factors During HIV-1 Replication Through Rev Immunoprecipitation and Mass Spectrometry
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EBV noncoding RNA EBER2 interacts with host RNA-binding proteins to regulate viral gene expression.

Nara Lee1, Therese A Yario1, Jessica S Gao1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06536;

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|March 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) noncoding RNA EBER2 interacts with host proteins SFPQ, NONO, and RBM14. These proteins regulate viral gene expression and replication, revealing new mechanisms for RNA-host factor interactions.

Keywords:
Epstein–Barr virusRNA binding proteinnoncoding RNAparaspeckle

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encodes abundant noncoding RNA EBER2.
  • EBER2 indirectly interacts with host transcription factor PAX5.
  • This interaction influences viral gene expression and replication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Identify host proteins mediating the EBER2-PAX5 interaction.
  • Investigate the functional relevance of these host proteins in EBV biology.

Main Methods:

  • Affinity purification of EBER2-PAX5 complexes.
  • Mass spectrometry to identify interacting proteins.
  • RNA-protein crosslinking and binding assays.
  • siRNA-mediated knockdown experiments.

Main Results:

  • SFPQ, NONO, and RBM14 were identified as key interacting host proteins.
  • SFPQ and RBM14 directly bind EBER2.
  • SFPQ and NONO bind PAX5, bridging the EBER2 interaction.
  • Knockdown of SFPQ, NONO, or RBM14 upregulates viral LMP2A mRNA.

Conclusions:

  • SFPQ, NONO, and RBM14 are crucial host factors mediating EBER2's regulatory functions.
  • These findings reveal a novel mechanism of noncoding RNA-mediated regulation of viral processes.
  • This study opens avenues for exploring cellular noncoding RNAs in host gene regulation.