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Updated: Mar 24, 2026

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Variation in the human bicondylar angle.

Erin B Waxenbaum1, Michala K Stock2

  • 1Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208.

American Journal of Physical Anthropology
|March 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human femoral bicondylar angle varies significantly across populations and with age. Sex-specific differences are not universal, indicating complex patterns of human skeletal variation.

Keywords:
femurhuman variationlocomotion

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Area of Science:

  • Human skeletal morphology
  • Anthropometry
  • Bioarchaeology

Background:

  • The human femoral bicondylar angle is a key metric in understanding locomotion and evolutionary relationships.
  • Previous research has primarily focused on interspecific differences and broad intrapopulation variation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the range of variation in the human bicondylar angle across four distinct populations.
  • To examine the specific effects of population, sex, and age on this anatomical feature.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of adult skeletal samples from four populations: Terry Whites, Blacks, South Dakota Arikara, and Native Alaskans.
  • Statistical analysis using ANOVAs and Tukey's honestly significant difference tests to determine significance of population, sex, and age effects.

Main Results:

  • Population significantly influences the bicondylar angle, with notable differences between Terry Whites and South Dakota Arikara.
  • Sex has a significant effect on the pooled sample, but this is only significant within the South Dakota Arikara population.
  • Age significantly impacts the bicondylar angle in the total sample, though no significant age-population interaction was found.

Conclusions:

  • Significant intraspecific variation exists in the human bicondylar angle.
  • Sexual dimorphism is not a universal characteristic of the human bicondylar angle.
  • Age demonstrates a broad impact, suggesting potential plasticity in this feature throughout adulthood, with implications for understanding human diversity and evolution.