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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

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Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
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Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

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Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting...
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Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model01:09

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
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Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Blood Flow-Limited Versus Diffusion-Limited Models00:57

Physiological Pharmacokinetic Models: Blood Flow-Limited Versus Diffusion-Limited Models

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Physiological pharmacokinetic models, often called flow-limited or perfusion models, typically assume a swift drug distribution between tissue and venous blood, creating a rapid drug equilibrium. This premise is based on the idea that drug diffusion is extremely fast, and the cell membrane presents no barrier to drug permeation. In this scenario, where no drug binding occurs, the drug concentration in the tissue equals that of the venous blood leaving the tissue. This greatly simplifies the...
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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
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Diffusion Decision Model: Current Issues and History.

Roger Ratcliff1, Philip L Smith2, Scott D Brown3

  • 1Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
|March 9, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diffusion models, which simulate evidence accumulation, are increasingly used to understand decision-making speed and neural processes. These sequential-sampling models offer insights into cognitive tasks and individual differences.

Keywords:
diffusion modelnonstationarityoptimalityresponse time

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Sequential-sampling models, including diffusion models, have a long history in psychology.
  • These models conceptualize decision-making as a process of accumulating noisy evidence over time.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the application and relevance of diffusion models in understanding speeded decision-making.
  • To connect diffusion models to both historical and contemporary research in psychology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on diffusion models in cognitive psychology.
  • Relating diffusion model principles to neural behaviors and optimal decision-making theories.

Main Results:

  • Diffusion models are effective in representing cognitive and neural aspects of speeded decision-making.
  • The standard diffusion model assumes constant evidence accumulation rates.

Conclusions:

  • Diffusion models are versatile tools for analyzing cognitive tasks and individual differences in clinical research.
  • These models provide a framework for linking psychological processes to neural activity and optimal performance.