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Anxiety: Overview01:18

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Anxiety is a common mental disorder featuring excessive worry, fear, and apprehension, significantly affecting daily life. People with anxiety disorders experience persistent and intense anxiety, interrupting their everyday functioning.
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Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
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Anxiolytic drugs are vital in managing anxiety disorders by effectively alleviating symptoms such as excessive fear, tachycardia, and tremors. There are several classes of anxiolytic medications, each with unique mechanisms of action and potential side effects.
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Neurotransmitters play a crucial role in the communication between neurons in the autonomic nervous system. Neurons in the autonomic nervous system can be cholinergic or adrenergic depending on the neurotransmitters synthesized. Cholinergic neurons use acetylcholine as their primary neurotransmitter. This includes all the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic and pre- and postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous systems. In addition, neurons of the somatic nervous system also use...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Optogenetic Manipulation of Neuronal Activity to Modulate Behavior in Freely Moving Mice
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Neuropeptides and anxiety disorders.

H J van Megen, J A den Boer, H G Westenberg

    Acta Neuropsychiatrica
    |March 10, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    This review explores four neuropeptides (ACTH, CRH, NPY, CCK) and their potential roles in anxiety disorders. Current evidence suggests cholecystokinin (CCK) may be involved, while other peptides require further investigation.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Psychiatry
    • Endocrinology

    Background:

    • Anxiety disorders are complex conditions with multifactorial etiologies.
    • Neuropeptides are signaling molecules in the brain that influence mood and behavior.
    • Several neuropeptides have been implicated in stress and anxiety responses.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the potential role of four key neuropeptides in the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders.
    • To synthesize existing neuroanatomical, electrophysiological, animal, and human data.
    • To identify neuropeptides with the strongest evidence linking them to anxiety.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of neuroanatomical and electrophysiological studies.
    • Analysis of animal experimental findings.

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  • Evaluation of human research data, including clinical studies.

    • Main Results:

    • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) have proposed mechanisms in the brain related to anxiety.
    • Most research findings are derived from animal models.
    • Cholecystokinin (CCK) shows increasing evidence, including human studies, for a role in anxiety pathogenesis.

    Conclusions:

    • Cholecystokinin (CCK) is the most promising neuropeptide studied, with growing human evidence supporting its role in anxiety disorders.
    • The involvement of ACTH, CRH, and NPY in anxiety pathogenesis requires further establishment through future research.
    • Neuropeptides represent a potential therapeutic target for anxiety disorders, warranting continued investigation.