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Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Behavioral Characterization of Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures: Moving Beyond the Racine Scale
Published on: July 8, 2025
Biological underpinnings of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: directions for future research
1Jefferson Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA. aliasadipooya@yahoo.com.
Abstract:
Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are relatively common occurrences in epilepsy centers, but their pathophysiology is still poorly understood. Research that elucidates the pathophysiology of PNES, including their neurobiological basis and biomarkers, may have important clinical implications. The literature provides some evidence that genetic factors, intrinsic factors, and environmental factors probably play a significant role as the biological underpinnings of PNES. Researchers may be able to learn more about the pathophysiology of PNES by investigating the effects of each of these factors on functional and structural brain connectivity.
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