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Related Concept Videos

Impression Management Techniques IV: Altercasting01:14

Impression Management Techniques IV: Altercasting

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Altercasting is a strategic communication technique in which an individual imposes a specific identity or social role onto another person to influence their behavior and shape the interaction. By presuming a role—such as “responsible leader” or “patient person”—altercasting encourages the target to conform to that identity, often aligning their behavior with the expectations associated with the role. The power of this tactic lies in its subtlety; once a role...
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Many animals exhibit parental care behavior, including feeding, grooming, and protecting young offspring. Parental care is universal in mammals and birds, which often have young that are born relatively helpless. Several species of insects and fish, as well as some amphibians, also care for their young.
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According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
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The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.
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Nonconscious mimicry occurs when individuals alter their mannerisms to match the behaviors and expressions of those nearby, without intention.
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Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
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Updated: Mar 24, 2026

The Modified Temptation Resistance Task: A Paradigm to Elicit Children's Strategic Lie-telling
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Commentary: The Reluctant Surrogate.

Thomas Foreman

    Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics : CQ : the International Journal of Healthcare Ethics Committees
    |March 10, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    When individuals hesitate to act as substitute decisionmakers (SDMs), clinical ethics consultations can help navigate challenges. Consultations support both the healthcare team and the SDM in complex medical situations.

    Area of Science:

    • Bioethics
    • Medical Ethics
    • Clinical Ethics

    Background:

    • Individuals appointed as substitute decisionmakers (SDMs) often experience significant apprehension and feelings of inadequacy.
    • Hesitancy or refusal to act as an SDM presents substantial challenges for healthcare teams.
    • Despite efforts in advance care planning, many SDMs feel unprepared to fulfill their roles.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the value of clinical ethics consultations when substitute decisionmakers are hesitant or refuse to act.
    • To identify how ethics consultations can assist healthcare teams and unprepared SDMs.

    Main Methods:

    • Discussion of a case vignette (KS) illustrating challenges faced by a hesitant substitute decisionmaker.
    • Analysis of the role and benefits of clinical ethics consultation in such scenarios.

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    Main Results:

    • Clinical ethics consultation offers a structured approach to address challenges posed by hesitant substitute decisionmakers.
    • Consultations aid in navigating complex regulatory landscapes relevant to healthcare decision-making.
    • Ethics consultations provide crucial support for both the treating medical team and the substitute decisionmaker.

    Conclusions:

    • Clinical ethics consultation is a valuable resource for managing situations involving unprepared or hesitant substitute decisionmakers.
    • Ethics consultations enhance communication and decision-making processes, benefiting patient care and SDM well-being.
    • Further integration of advance care planning and SDM support is essential.