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Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Protrusion Force Microscopy: A Method to Quantify Forces Developed by Cell Protrusions
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Protrusion Force Microscopy: A Method to Quantify Forces Developed by Cell Protrusions

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Endothelial Surface Protrusion by a Point Force.

Yong Chen1, Lan Lu1, Jin-Yu Shao1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri.

Biophysical Journal
|March 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Endothelial cell surface protrusion exists and stabilizes leukocyte rolling. This finding is crucial for understanding leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions during inflammation and immune responses.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular mechanics
  • Immunology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Leukocyte rolling on endothelium involves cell surface protrusion and membrane tether extraction.
  • While leukocyte protrusion is known, endothelial cell (EC) protrusion has not been confirmed.
  • Understanding EC mechanics is vital for leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the existence and properties of endothelial cell surface protrusion.
  • To determine factors influencing EC surface protrusion during simulated leukocyte adhesion.
  • To integrate EC protrusion into models of leukocyte rolling stability.

Main Methods:

  • Micropipette aspiration technique to apply controlled forces to ECs.
  • Analysis of EC deformation under varying force loading rates and cytoskeletal integrity.
  • Experimental setup involving neutrophils directly interacting with ECs.

Main Results:

  • Endothelial cells exhibit surface protrusion when subjected to a point force, similar to leukocytes.
  • EC protrusional stiffness and crossover force depend on force loading rate and cytoskeletal integrity.
  • Simultaneous protrusion from both ECs and neutrophils occurs, modeled as series springs.

Conclusions:

  • Endothelial cell surface protrusion is a confirmed phenomenon.
  • EC protrusion plays a significant role in stabilizing leukocyte rolling.
  • Existing models of leukocyte rolling require incorporation of EC surface protrusion for comprehensive understanding.