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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

964
While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
964
Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action01:23

Local Anesthetics: Mechanism of Action

4.1K
Local anesthetics (LAs) block sensory and motor impulses by inhibiting the sodium channels on the nerve cell membranes. This induces temporary loss of sensation, relieving pain in a specific body area.
Local anesthetics are amphiphilic molecules consisting of a hydrophobic aromatic part linked to a hydrophilic group by an ester or amide linkage. They are weak bases and are usually available as salts, which increases their solubility and stability. Once administered, LAs exist in the body either...
4.1K
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

1.9K
Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
1.9K
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

1.2K
Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
1.2K
Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:30

Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

7.1K
Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
7.1K
Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

1.7K
Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
1.7K

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Adaptation of Microelectrode Array Technology for the Study of Anesthesia-induced Neurotoxicity in the Intact Piglet Brain
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Local Anesthetic-Induced Neurotoxicity.

Mark Verlinde1, Markus W Hollmann2, Markus F Stevens3

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam 1105AZ, The Netherlands. m.h.verlinde@amc.uva.nl.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|March 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Perioperative nerve injury is often unrelated to regional anesthesia. While local anesthetics offer benefits, they can cause nerve toxicity through specific cellular pathways, requiring further research.

Keywords:
adverse eventanestheticslocaltoxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Perioperative nerve injury is a complex issue with multiple causes.
  • While regional anesthesia is a potential factor, most injuries are unrelated to it.
  • Local anesthetics have both beneficial and toxic effects on tissues, including nerves.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the incidence, risk factors, and mechanisms of perioperative nerve injury.
  • To specifically examine local anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity.
  • To explore the cellular pathways involved in local anesthetic neurotoxicity.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current knowledge on perioperative nerve injury.
  • Analysis of risk factors, including surgical procedures and anesthetic agents.
  • Examination of experimental evidence on local anesthetic neurotoxicity and cellular mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • The majority of perioperative nerve injuries are not linked to regional anesthesia.
  • Local anesthetics can cause time- and dose-dependent neurotoxicity.
  • Potential cellular mechanisms involve caspase, PI3K, and MAPK pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Perioperative nerve injury has multifactorial causes, with local anesthetic neurotoxicity being one aspect.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the precise mechanisms and specific pathways involved in local anesthetic neurotoxicity.