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Related Concept Videos

Catalysis02:50

Catalysis

32.1K
The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.
32.1K
Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

2.4K
The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
Selection Rules: Photochemical Activation
2.4K
Heterogeneous Catalysis01:22

Heterogeneous Catalysis

80
Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase from the reactants. It is a process where the catalyst and the reactants are in distinct phases, typically solid and gas or liquid.Most heterogeneous catalysts are metals, metal oxides, or acids. The list includes transition metals like iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), tungsten (W), silver (Ag), and copper (Cu). These metals possess partially vacant d orbitals that...
80
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

14.8K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
14.8K
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

4.0K
Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
4.0K
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

3.2K
Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
3.2K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions
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Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution by Cu(II) complexes.

Junfei Wang1, Chao Li, Qianxiong Zhou

  • 1Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China. xswang@mail.ipc.ac.cn yuanjunhou@yahoo.com.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|March 10, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Copper complexes ([Cu(TMPA)Cl]Cl and [Cu(Cl-TMPA)Cl2]) demonstrate efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. These findings represent a significant advancement in copper-based water reduction catalysis.

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Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Photocatalysis
  • Green Chemistry

Background:

  • Developing efficient and cost-effective catalysts for hydrogen production is crucial for sustainable energy.
  • Copper complexes offer a promising alternative to precious metal catalysts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the photocatalytic activity of novel copper complexes for hydrogen evolution.
  • To establish copper complexes as effective water reduction catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of copper complexes ([Cu(TMPA)Cl]Cl and [Cu(Cl-TMPA)Cl2]).
  • Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution experiments in acetonitrile/water mixtures using an iridium photosensitizer and triethylamine as a sacrificial reductant.

Main Results:

  • Both copper complexes exhibited efficient photocatalytic H2 evolution.
  • [Cu(TMPA)Cl]Cl achieved a turnover number (TON) of 6108, and [Cu(Cl-TMPA)Cl2] reached a TON of 10014 over 6 hours.
  • This work presents the first example of photocatalytic copper complex-based water reduction catalysts.

Conclusions:

  • Copper complexes are effective catalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen production.
  • These findings open new avenues for developing sustainable and economical hydrogen generation technologies.