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Experiments testing macroscopic quantum superpositions must be slow.

Andrea Mari1, Giacomo De Palma1,2, Vittorio Giovannetti1

  • 1NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and Istituto Nanoscienze-CNR, I-56126 Pisa, Italy.

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This study resolves the paradox of apparent superluminal communication by showing that local quantum experiments require time proportional to particle mass or charge. This finding has implications for quantum entanglement and vacuum fluctuations.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum mechanics
  • Fundamental physics
  • Information theory

Background:

  • Quantum superposition allows for seemingly faster-than-light communication.
  • A paradox arises from the dynamics of distant test particles interacting with superposed massive or charged particles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To resolve the apparent paradox of superluminal communication in quantum mechanics.
  • To establish a fundamental principle limiting local quantum experiments.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a thought experiment involving quantum superposition of massive/charged particles.
  • Examination of local experiments to distinguish quantum superposition from statistical mixtures.
  • Application of the principle to charged particles, considering photon entanglement and electromagnetic vacuum fluctuations.

Main Results:

  • Local experiments distinguishing quantum superposition require a minimum time proportional to the system's mass or charge.
  • Two specific experiments with charged particles confirm this time limitation.
  • The principle provides indirect evidence for gravitational vacuum fluctuations for massive particles.

Conclusions:

  • Apparent superluminal communication is resolved by a fundamental time limitation in local quantum measurements.
  • This limitation is consistent with electromagnetic and gravitational vacuum fluctuations.
  • The study suggests the possibility of entangling particles with quantum gravitational radiation.