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Related Concept Videos

Heart Sounds01:15

Heart Sounds

4.2K
Heart sounds are generated by the turbulence in blood flow due to the closing of heart valves. These sounds are best perceived slightly away from the valves, where the blood flow disseminates the sound.
Auscultation is the process of listening to these internal body sounds using a stethoscope. The heart produces four types of sounds, but only two—S1 and S2—can usually be heard with a stethoscope.
S1, also known as the "lub" sound, is caused by the closure of atrioventricular (A-V)...
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Anatomy of the Heart01:27

Anatomy of the Heart

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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
122.4K
Anatomy of the Heart01:20

Anatomy of the Heart

4.6K
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
The heart has three layers: the innermost endocardium, the muscular myocardium, and the outer epicardium, all working together for optimal cardiac function.
Chambers of the Heart
The heart is made up of four...
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Assessment of the Cardiovascular System IV: Auscultation01:25

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System IV: Auscultation

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Cardiac auscultation is a clinical skill used to assess heart function and detect abnormalities. It involves listening to heart sounds at specific anatomical locations through a stethoscope.
Normal Heart Sounds
S1 (First Heart Sound)-
S1 is made by the closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves (atrioventricular valves), marking the beginning of systole.
S2 (Second Heart Sound)-
S2 is made by the closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves (semilunar valves), marking the end of the systole.
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Chambers of the Heart01:16

Chambers of the Heart

11.2K
The human heart is a complex organ made up of four chambers: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. These internal chambers are separated by partitions known as the interatrial and interventricular septa. The exterior of the heart features a groove known as the coronary sulcus that demarcates the atria from the ventricles, while the anterior and posterior interventricular sulci distinguish between the two ventricles.
Deoxygenated blood from the body is received in the right...
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Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation01:25

Cardiovascular System Abnormal Findings II: Auscultation

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Auscultation, an essential part of a heart examination, is done using a stethoscope. It provides crucial information about heart function and possible heart problems. Due to heart problems, abnormal sounds can be heard during systole or diastole. These sounds include S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs.
Abnormal Heart Sounds
Gallops:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach
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Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach

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Sound mind vs sound heart.

Baljit K Upadhyay1, Sara B Katz2, Anil Upadhyay3

  • 1Specialist Registrar in General Adult Psychiatry in the Department of Psychiatry, East London Foundation Trust, Bedford MK42 9DJ.

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Depression and anxiety disorders increase cardiovascular disease risk. Early assessment and intervention are crucial due to the complex, two-way link between mental health and heart conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Psychiatry
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Depressive disorders and anxiety disorders are recognized as significant risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease.
  • A complex, bidirectional relationship exists between mental health conditions and cardiovascular health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the multifactorial and bidirectional interactions between cardiovascular diseases, depression, and anxiety.
  • To emphasize the critical need for early detection and management strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing current research on the interplay between mental health and cardiovascular outcomes.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data and clinical studies.

Main Results:

  • Evidence confirms a substantial link between depression, anxiety, and increased cardiovascular disease incidence and severity.
  • The interaction is multifactorial, involving shared biological pathways, lifestyle factors, and treatment adherence.

Conclusions:

  • Integrated care models are essential for addressing the co-occurrence of cardiovascular disease with depression and anxiety.
  • Timely assessment and intervention can mitigate risks and improve patient outcomes in both domains.