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Related Concept Videos

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Isolation and Enrichment of Human Adipose-derived Stromal Cells for Enhanced Osteogenesis
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Adiponectin Promotes Human Jaw Bone Marrow Stem Cell Osteogenesis.

Y Pu1, H Wu1, S Lu2

  • 12nd Dental Center, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.

Journal of Dental Research
|March 11, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Adiponectin (APN) promotes human jaw bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (h-JBMMSC) osteogenesis by activating the APPL1-p38 MAPK pathway. This study elucidates APN

Keywords:
APPL1IBSPRUNX2osteocalcinosteopontinp38 mitogen-activated protein kinases

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Area of Science:

  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Bone Metabolism
  • Molecular Signaling

Background:

  • Human jaw bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (h-JBMMSCs) possess osteogenic potential.
  • The role of adiponectin (APN) in h-JBMMSC metabolism and osteogenesis is not fully understood.
  • Elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms is crucial for understanding bone regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of adiponectin (APN) on the metabolism and osteogenic differentiation of h-JBMMSCs.
  • To elucidate the signaling pathway mediating APN's effects on h-JBMMSCs.

Main Methods:

  • Primary culture of h-JBMMSCs treated with APN.
  • Assessment of osteogenesis using Alizarin Red staining, real-time PCR, ALP activity assays, and ELISA.
  • Mechanistic studies involving Western blotting, immunofluorescence, lentiviral transduction, and p38 MAPK inhibition (SB202190).

Main Results:

  • APN significantly promoted h-JBMMSC osteogenesis, evidenced by increased ALP, osteocalcin (OCN), osteopontin, and integrin-binding sialoprotein expression.
  • APN treatment induced the translocation of APPL1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and increased p38 MAPK phosphorylation.
  • Knockdown of APPL1 or inhibition of p38 MAPK abolished APN-induced osteogenic gene expression and calcification.

Conclusions:

  • Adiponectin (APN) induces osteogenesis in human jaw bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (h-JBMMSCs).
  • The APPL1-p38 MAPK signaling pathway is essential for APN-mediated osteogenic differentiation.
  • These findings highlight a novel mechanism for regulating bone formation by APN in h-JBMMSCs.