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Does Orthodontic Treatment Affect the Alveolar Bone Density?

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Orthodontic treatment reduces alveolar bone density, but it recovers after retention. Some teeth may not fully regain pre-treatment bone density.

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Area of Science:

  • Dentistry
  • Orthodontics
  • Bone Biology

Background:

  • Limited research exists on orthodontic treatment's impact on alveolar bone density in humans.
  • Previous findings indicated a significant decrease in bone density after 6 months of active orthodontic treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess alveolar bone density changes around teeth before, during, and after orthodontic treatment and retention.
  • To determine if bone density recovers to pre-treatment levels after the retention period.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized dental cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for bone density measurements.
  • Scans were taken from 8 patients at three time points: before treatment (T0), after 7 months of active treatment (T1), and after 20-22 months of retention (T2).
  • Measured bone density changes around 6 anterior maxillary teeth (incisors and canines).

Main Results:

  • A significant reduction in alveolar bone density (23.36%) was observed from T0 to T1 (during treatment).
  • A significant increase in bone density (31.81%) was noted from T1 to T2 (during retention).
  • Overall, bone density at T2 (post-retention) was not significantly different from T0 (pre-treatment), showing a minimal reduction of 0.75%.

Conclusions:

  • Orthodontic treatment leads to a temporary decrease in alveolar bone density.
  • Bone density around teeth generally recovers to pre-treatment levels after an extended retention period.
  • A small percentage of teeth (~10%) may not fully recover 80% of their baseline bone density.