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Related Concept Videos

Anxiety: Overview01:18

Anxiety: Overview

1.3K
Anxiety is a common mental disorder featuring excessive worry, fear, and apprehension, significantly affecting daily life. People with anxiety disorders experience persistent and intense anxiety, interrupting their everyday functioning.
Individuals with anxiety often experience a range of physical and emotional symptoms, including sweating, trembling, tachycardia, and disturbances in sleep patterns. These symptoms vary in intensity and frequency but are generally disruptive and distressing.
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder01:30

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is a chronic condition characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry that persists for at least six months, significantly interfering with daily functioning. Unlike situational anxiety, which arises in response to specific stressors, GAD often occurs without a clear cause. Individuals may experience disproportionate worry about work, health, or relationships. For instance, a person might continuously fear poor health despite normal medical evaluations or...
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Panic Disorder01:27

Panic Disorder

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Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent and sudden minutes-long episodes of intense fear, known as panic attacks. These attacks may feel like heart attacks and often happen without warning or a specific cause. They can include symptoms such as rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, and a sense of helplessness. During a panic attack, individuals may feel as though they are experiencing a heart attack or are in a...
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Social Anxiety Disorder01:28

Social Anxiety Disorder

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Social anxiety disorder, also known as social phobia, is characterized by an intense fear of social situations where one might face humiliation, rejection, embarrassment, or negative evaluation. This disorder leads individuals to avoid activities like casual conversations, public speaking, or seemingly simple tasks such as eating, signing documents, or swimming, in public settings. Its impact extends beyond discomfort, often significantly interfering with daily functioning and quality of life.
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Stress and Mental Health01:30

Stress and Mental Health

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Chronic stress profoundly affects mental health, significantly influencing mood, behavior, and overall quality of life. Research closely links chronic stress with mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders. Ongoing exposure to stress can lead to physiological and psychological changes, initiating a cycle of emotional distress and maladaptive coping mechanisms.
Individuals with depression often experience challenges in both their personal and professional...
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Horney's Sociocultural Approach01:27

Horney's Sociocultural Approach

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Karen Horney's psychoanalytic theories emphasize the potential for self-realization and the importance of addressing social and cultural, rather than biological, factors in personality development. She challenged traditional Freudian views, particularly Freud's concept of "penis envy," which she argued stemmed from cultural influences rather than inherent biological differences. Horney believed that any sense of inferiority in women was a result of societal conditioning, such as...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Social Isolation Model: A Noninvasive Rodent Model of Stress and Anxiety
04:20

Social Isolation Model: A Noninvasive Rodent Model of Stress and Anxiety

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Norharman and anxiety disorders.

L Pepplinkhuizen, D Fekkes, L Timmerman

    Acta Neuropsychiatrica
    |March 12, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary

    Norharman, a ß-carboline found in the brain, acts on benzodiazepine receptors and inhibits MAO-B. This compound may play a role in anxiety, addiction, and withdrawal symptoms.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Pharmacology

    Background:

    • Norharman is a ß-carboline with potential endogenous origins, also found in cigarette smoke and food.
    • Specific binding sites for norharman have been identified in the brain.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the pharmacological actions and potential neurological roles of norharman.
    • To explore the implications of norharman in conditions such as anxiety, psychosis, addiction, and withdrawal.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing animal experiments and binding studies.
    • Analysis of norharman's interaction with benzodiazepine receptors and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B).

    Main Results:

    • Norharman exhibits binding to benzodiazepine receptors and MAO-B inhibitory activity at higher doses.

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  • Animal studies indicate that norharman can induce sedation and muscle relaxation.

    • Conclusions:

    • Norharman's role in psychosis remains uncertain, but it may contribute to anxiety pathogenesis.
    • Emerging research suggests norharman could be a significant factor in addiction and withdrawal processes.