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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

4.2K
Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
4.2K
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:06

Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)

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Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

1.5K
The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Research and Development of High-performance Explosives
10:33

Research and Development of High-performance Explosives

Published on: February 20, 2016

18.5K

Research and Development of High-performance Explosives.

Rodger Cornell1, Erik Wrobel1, Paul E Anderson2

  • 1Detonation Physics Branch, US Army ARDEC, Picatinny Arsenal.

Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove
|March 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces photo-Doppler velocimetry (PDV) for precise detonation measurement in high explosives. It highlights how early aluminum reaction in formulations significantly impacts detonation velocity and pressure.

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Last Updated: Mar 24, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Military Applications
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Developmental testing of high explosives requires rigorous safety and performance evaluation.
  • Traditional methods for measuring detonation parameters have limitations in precision and early-time evolution characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate photo-Doppler velocimetry (PDV) as a precise method for measuring detonation velocity and pressure.
  • To investigate the influence of early-reacting aluminum in explosive formulations on detonation characteristics.

Main Methods:

  • Small-scale formulation and sensitivity testing (thermal, impact, friction).
  • Detonation performance testing using photo-Doppler velocimetry (PDV).
  • Comparison of PDV measurements with traditional fiber-optic detonation velocity and plate-dent calculations.

Main Results:

  • PDV provides high-precision measurements of early-time detonation evolution.
  • Explosive formulations with early-reacting aluminum exhibit altered detonation velocities and pressures.
  • Early aluminum reaction with oxygen in expanding products is a key factor influencing detonation performance.

Conclusions:

  • Photo-Doppler velocimetry (PDV) is a valuable advancement for characterizing high explosive detonations.
  • The early reaction of aluminum significantly modifies detonation dynamics, offering opportunities for tailored explosive performance.
  • Understanding aluminum's role is crucial for developing next-generation military explosives.