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Related Concept Videos

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
Benzodiazepines are a well-known class of drugs used for...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
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Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

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Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Microdialysis of Excitatory Amino Acids During EEG Recordings in Freely Moving Rats
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Tranexamic acid-associated seizures: A meta-analysis.

Zhang Lin1, Zou Xiaoyi1

  • 1Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.

Seizure
|March 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Tranexamic acid (TXA) use is linked to a 2.7% seizure incidence rate. Higher TXA doses correlate with an increased risk of seizures, highlighting a critical safety concern.

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacovigilance
  • Clinical Pharmacology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Tranexamic acid (TXA) is a widely used antifibrinolytic agent.
  • Seizures have been anecdotally reported with TXA use.
  • The incidence and dose-dependency of TXA-associated seizures require systematic investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence rate of seizures associated with tranexamic acid (TXA).
  • To quantify the risk of seizures in patients exposed to TXA compared to those not exposed.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of Medline and Embase databases up to December 2015.
  • Independent review of publications by two authors.
  • Meta-analysis using odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) to assess seizure risk.
Keywords:
Meta-analysisSeizure incidenceTranexamic acid

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Main Results:

  • Ten studies including 26,079 TXA-exposed and 7395 non-exposed patients were analyzed.
  • The cumulative incidence of TXA-associated seizures was 2.7%.
  • TXA exposure significantly increased seizure risk (OR: 5.39, 95% CI: 3.29-8.85; I(2)=0%).
  • Seizure incidence demonstrated a positive correlation with increasing TXA dosage.

Conclusions:

  • Tranexamic acid exposure is associated with an elevated risk of seizures.
  • The incidence of TXA-associated seizures escalates with higher drug dosages.
  • Clinical vigilance for seizure activity is warranted in patients receiving TXA, particularly at higher doses.