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Related Concept Videos

Passive Filters01:27

Passive Filters

1.2K
Passive filters are utilized to shape the frequency spectrum of signals across a diverse array of applications. These filters, using only passive elements like resistors (R), inductors (L), and capacitors (C), are capable of selectively allowing or blocking certain frequency ranges without the need for external power sources.
Low-Pass Filters
Low-pass filters are designed to transmit signals with frequencies lower than the cutoff frequency, ωc, and attenuate those above it. The cutoff...
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Eukaryotic Compartmentalization01:37

Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

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One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry out specialized functions. Since biological membranes are only selectively permeable to solutes, they help create a compartment with controlled conditions inside an organelle. These microenvironments are tailored to the organelle's specific functions and help isolate them from the surrounding cytosol.
For example, lysosomes in the animal...
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Active Filters01:25

Active Filters

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Active filters are electronic circuits that use operational amplifiers (op-amps), resistors, and capacitors to filter out unwanted frequency components from a signal. A first-order low-pass active filter is designed to pass signals with a frequency lower than a certain cutoff frequency and attenuate frequencies higher than that cutoff frequency. The transfer function for a first-order low-pass active filter is:
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Eukaryotic Compartmentalizations01:46

Eukaryotic Compartmentalizations

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One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry out specialized functions. Since biological membranes are only selectively permeable to solutes, they help create a compartment with controlled conditions inside an organelle. These microenvironments are tailored to the organelle's specific functions and help isolate them from the surrounding cytosol.
For example, lysosomes in the animal cells...
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Subcellular Fractionation01:32

Subcellular Fractionation

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The homogenate obtained after cell lysis contains various membrane-bound organelles that can be further separated into pure fractions by subcellular fractionation. These isolates are used to study specific cellular components, analyze localized protein activity, and are even employed in diagnostics. Fractionation is typically achieved using centrifugation methods, the most common being density-gradient and differential centrifugation.
Differential Centrifugation
Differential centrifugation is...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Passive Noise Filtering by Cellular Compartmentalization.

Thomas Stoeger1, Nico Battich1, Lucas Pelkmans2

  • 1Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland; Systems Biology PhD program, Life Science Zurich Graduate School, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, 8006 Zurich, Switzerland.

Cell
|March 12, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular compartmentalization filters random noise in molecular systems, enhancing predictable cellular differences. This passive noise filtering, exemplified by the nucleus, boosts transcriptional output predictability without high energy costs.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular and Molecular Biology
  • Systems Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Chemical reactions are inherently random, introducing noise that disrupts cellular functions and communication.
  • Existing noise filtering mechanisms in cells can be energy-intensive and complex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how spatial partitioning of molecular systems can filter cellular noise.
  • To demonstrate the effectiveness of passive noise filtering in enhancing cellular predictability.
  • To investigate the implications of noise filtering for cellular evolution.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of spatial partitioning as a noise-filtering mechanism.
  • Case study using the eukaryotic cell nucleus for passive noise filtering.
  • Modeling of transcriptional output predictability.

Main Results:

  • Spatial partitioning effectively filters molecular noise while preserving cell-to-cell variations.
  • Cellular compartmentalization offers a scalable and energy-efficient method for noise reduction.
  • The eukaryotic nucleus serves as an example of passive noise filtering, increasing transcriptional output predictability.

Conclusions:

  • Passive noise filtering via cellular compartmentalization is a robust strategy for maintaining cellular function and predictability.
  • This mechanism has significant implications for understanding the evolution of cellular complexity and multicellularity.