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Related Concept Videos

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
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Dysrhythmia management involves a multifaceted approach, incorporating pharmacological treatments, medical procedures, surgical interventions, lifestyle modifications, and patient education.Pharmacological ManagementAntiarrhythmic Drugs:Class I (Sodium Channel Blockers): This class includes quinidine and procainamide, which reduce the speed of impulse conduction in the heart, stabilize the cardiac membrane, and control arrhythmias. Quinidine and procainamide are Class IA agents that prolong the...
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Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

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Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
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Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

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Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
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Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers01:24

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Adrenergic stimulation generally impacts cardiac rate and rhythm. Specifically, stimulation of the β-adrenoceptors triggers an increase in intracellular calcium ion influx and pacemaker currents, which may cause arrhythmias. Catecholamines like adrenaline also demonstrate β2-adrenoceptor-mediated hypokalemia, impacting cardiac action potential and disrupting the normal cardiac rhythm. Class II antiarrhythmic drugs are β-adrenoceptor antagonists or β-blockers, which...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Robotic Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
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Atrioventricular Junction Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation.

Dilesh Patel1, Emile G Daoud2

  • 1Electrophysiology Section, Division of Cardiology, Ross Heart Hospital, Wexner Medical Center at The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.

Heart Failure Clinics
|March 13, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Atrioventricular junction (AVJ) ablation effectively treats symptomatic atrial fibrillation, improving quality of life. While requiring a pacing system, the procedure is safe and associated with low sudden cardiac death risk.

Keywords:
Ablate and paceAblationAtrial fibrillationAtrioventricular junctionAtrioventricular nodeRate control

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Symptomatic atrial fibrillation often requires advanced treatment when rhythm or rate control fails.
  • Atrioventricular junction (AVJ) ablation offers an alternative therapeutic strategy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of AVJ ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation.
  • To assess the impact of AVJ ablation on quality of life and mortality.

Main Methods:

  • AVJ ablation procedure for symptomatic atrial fibrillation.
  • Inclusion of a pacing system post-ablation.
  • Monitoring of patient symptoms, quality-of-life measures, and mortality.

Main Results:

  • High rates of symptom improvement and enhanced quality of life reported by patients.
  • Low risk of sudden cardiac death observed with appropriate post-procedure pacing.
  • Demonstrated mortality benefit in heart failure patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy devices.

Conclusions:

  • AVJ ablation is a safe and effective treatment for refractory symptomatic atrial fibrillation.
  • The procedure significantly improves patient outcomes and quality of life.
  • AVJ ablation may offer a mortality benefit in specific patient populations.