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Microtubule function and architecture are regulated by an array of specialized proteins called microtubule-associated proteins or MAPs. These proteins are widespread across different organisms and have conserved protein motifs, like the multi-TOG domain for tubulin binding found in the CLASP family of MAPs. Some MAPs are lineage-specific based on their conserved domains. Their functions depend upon the cytoskeletal architecture and cell type they are located within. In-plant cells, a specific...
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Complex microtubule structures are present in resting cells and in dividing cells. In resting cells, they are responsible for maintaining the cellular architecture, tracks for intracellular transport, positioning of organelles, assembly of cilia and flagella. They mediate the bipolar spindle assembly for chromosomal segregation and positioning of the cell division plate in dividing cells. The formation of microtubule complex structures depends on the cell type, cell stage, and cell function.
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Microtubules form through the end-to-end polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Kinetochore microtubules originate from the spindle poles, and their plus-ends connect with the kinetochores on sister-chromatids. Ndc80 protein complexes, present on the kinetochore, form low-affinity links with the plus end of these kinetochore microtubules.
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Microtubules are dynamic structures that undergo continuous assembly and disassembly. They originate from specialized multi-protein complexes known as microtubule organizing centers or MTOCs. Within the MTOC, the point of origin of the microtubule is known as the minus end, while the end radiating outward is the plus end. Microtubules serve two primary functions — the organization of spindle complexes to separate sister chromatids during mitotic or meiotic cell division and the formation...
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Microtubule plus-end tracking proteins in neuronal development.

Dieudonnée van de Willige1, Casper C Hoogenraad2, Anna Akhmanova3

  • 1Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences : CMLS
|March 13, 2016
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Summary

Microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) are crucial for neuronal development and function. Their regulation is vital, as their dysfunction is linked to neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.

Keywords:
CLASPCLIPCytoskeletonDevelopmentEBMicrotubuleNeuronPlus-end tracking proteinsPolarity

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Microtubule cytoskeleton is essential for neuronal development and function.
  • +TIPs are key regulators of microtubule dynamics and cellular processes.
  • Dysregulation of +TIPs is implicated in neurological disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role and regulation of +TIPs in neuronal development.
  • To explore the connection between +TIPs and associated neurological disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on +TIPs.
  • Analysis of the function and regulation of +TIPs in neurons.
  • Examination of the link between +TIP abnormalities and disease.

Main Results:

  • +TIPs form complex assemblies at growing microtubule plus-ends.
  • +TIPs influence microtubule dynamics, cell polarity, membrane transport, and signaling.
  • Mutations or misregulation of +TIPs are associated with neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.

Conclusions:

  • +TIPs play a critical role in neuronal development and function.
  • Understanding +TIP regulation is crucial for addressing neurological disorders.