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Related Concept Videos

Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

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While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
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[Brain damage after general anesthesia].

Pablo Mesa Suárez1, José Diego Santotoribio2, Victoria Ramos Ramos3

  • 1Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Anestesiología, Hospital Universitario Puerto Real, Puerto Real, Cádiz, España.

Medicina Clinica
|March 13, 2016
PubMed
Summary

General anesthesia significantly increased serum S100B protein levels, a marker of brain damage. This suggests anesthesia may cause cerebral injury in pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy.

Keywords:
Anestesia generalBrain damageDaño cerebralFentaniloFentanylGeneral anaesthesiaMidazolamPropofolProteína S100BS100B proteinSevofluraneSevoflurano

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Anesthesiology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • S100B protein is a recognized serum biomarker for cerebral damage.
  • Evaluating the impact of general anesthesia on brain integrity is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess potential brain damage induced by general anesthesia.
  • To measure serum S100B protein concentrations before and after anesthesia.

Main Methods:

  • Included pediatric patients (3-14 years) with adenotonsillar hypertrophy scheduled for tonsillectomy.
  • Measured serum S100B protein (S100Bb, S100Bp) using immunoassay electro-chemiluminescence pre- and post-anesthesia.
  • Anesthesia involved midazolam, fentanyl, propofol, and sevoflurane.

Main Results:

  • Serum S100B protein levels significantly increased post-anesthesia (median 164.0 ng/L) compared to pre-anesthesia levels (median 94.5 ng/L).
  • The median increase in S100B protein was 58.0 ng/L (P<.0001).
  • All 76 patients exhibited elevated S100B protein post-general anesthesia.

Conclusions:

  • General anesthesia led to a significant elevation in serum S100B protein concentrations.
  • These findings indicate that general anesthesia may be associated with cerebral damage.