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Related Concept Videos

Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

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Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
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Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

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The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
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Reason and Intuition01:37

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The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the...
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Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

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The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
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Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

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In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
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Frustration and Conflict: Avoidance-Avoidance, Double-Approach Avoidance01:14

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Avoidance-avoidance conflict refers to a psychological situation where a person must choose between two or more unpleasant alternatives. These conflicts are particularly stressful because neither option is desirable. This dilemma is often expressed in sayings like "caught between a rock and a hard place" or "between the devil and the deep blue sea." For instance, individuals who fear dental procedures may find themselves torn between enduring a painful toothache or facing the...
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Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task
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The dynamics of deferred decision.

Sudeep Bhatia1, Timothy L Mullett2

  • 1University of Pennsylvania, United States.

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Many people delay decisions when faced with too many choices. A new model explains this choice deferral behavior using a time limit in sequential sampling models, offering insights into decision-making processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive psychology
  • Decision science
  • Behavioral economics

Background:

  • Decision makers frequently defer choices when options are overwhelming.
  • Choice deferral, including delay or avoidance, is a common behavior.
  • Existing cognitive theories of decision making need to account for choice deferral.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline behavioral findings on choice deferral.
  • To propose a cognitive model for choice deferral.
  • To test predictions derived from the proposed model.

Main Methods:

  • Applied a deferral-based time limit to sequential sampling models.
  • Developed a theoretical framework for preferential choice.
  • Conducted an experiment to validate model predictions.

Main Results:

  • Eight key behavioral findings on choice deferral were explained.
  • The model successfully accounted for choice deferral phenomena.
  • Novel predictions regarding choice and deferral probabilities, and decision times were confirmed.

Conclusions:

  • Choice deferral can be modeled as a time limit within sequential sampling frameworks.
  • This approach provides a cognitive explanation for choice deferral.
  • Understanding choice deferral is crucial for decision-making research.