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Related Concept Videos

An Overview of the Endocrine System01:10

An Overview of the Endocrine System

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The endocrine system, a complex network of glands, orchestrates physiological balance within the body through the production and secretion of hormones. These hormones are chemical messengers in intercellular communication, acting as conduits between the secretory cells and distant target sites. They traverse the circulatory system by being released into the extracellular fluid, and their impact is specific to cells possessing receptors for a particular hormone.
The endocrine system collaborates...
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Structures of the Endocrine System00:59

Structures of the Endocrine System

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The intricate framework of the endocrine system encompasses a diverse array of glands, with their target tissues and organs strategically distributed throughout the body. Central to this network are the endocrine glands, specialized structures that lack ducts and release hormones directly into the interstitial fluid. Notably, the hypothalamus, a vital neuroendocrine organ situated in the brain, governs neural functions and serves as a potent source of hormonal regulation. Near the hypothalamus...
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What is the Endocrine System?00:46

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The endocrine system sends hormones—chemical signals—through the bloodstream to target cells—the cells the hormones selectively affect. These signals are produced in endocrine cells, secreted into the extracellular fluid, and then diffuse into the blood. Eventually, they diffuse out of the blood and bind to target cells which have specialized receptors to recognize the hormones.
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The Endocrine System01:29

The Endocrine System

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The endocrine system is an extensive network of glands – organs or tissues in the body that create chemicals that control many bodily functions, that secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that play essential roles in regulating various bodily functions. These hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and travel throughout the body. They require specific receptors to convey signals to cells possessing these corresponding receptors. This complex signaling mechanism ensures that...
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Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

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Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral...
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Synteny and Evolution02:31

Synteny and Evolution

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John H. Renwick first coined the term “synteny” in 1971, which refers to the genes present on the same chromosomes, even if they are not genetically linked. The species with common ancestry tend to show conserved syntenic regions. Therefore, the concept of synteny is nowadays used to describe the evolutionary relationship between species.
Around 80 million years ago, the human and mice lineages diverged from the common ancestor. During the course of evolution, the ancestral...
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An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
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Analyzing endocrine system conservation and evolution.

Ronald M Bonett1

  • 1Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA.

General and Comparative Endocrinology
|March 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Evolutionary rates of metazoan endocrine systems vary, but data limitations hinder analysis. New high-throughput sequencing methods enable phylogenetic studies of endocrine component evolution.

Keywords:
ConstraintsDiversificationMolecular evolutionPleiotropyRates of evolutionTraits

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Comparative genomics
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Metazoan endocrine systems show varied evolutionary rates across components.
  • Few studies have phylogenetically analyzed these rate variations due to data limitations.
  • Advancements in high-throughput sequencing offer new opportunities for large-scale comparative data collection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize phylogenetic-based evolutionary rate analyses applicable to endocrine traits.
  • To highlight methods for investigating factors influencing endocrine system evolution.
  • To facilitate understanding of endocrine component diversification.

Main Methods:

  • Review of phylogenetic comparative methods for analyzing evolutionary rates.
  • Application to categorical and continuous endocrine traits.
  • Focus on analyses for nucleic acid and protein-based endocrine components.

Main Results:

  • Identified various phylogenetic-based rate analyses for endocrine traits.
  • Emphasized methods to link rate variation to ecological and developmental factors.
  • Highlighted the potential of new sequencing technologies for data generation.

Conclusions:

  • Phylogenetic analyses of endocrine data are crucial for understanding evolution.
  • High-throughput sequencing will enable robust evolutionary studies of endocrine systems.
  • Investigating rate variation can reveal drivers of diversification.