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Verified and validated finite element analyses of humeri.

Gal Dahan1, Nir Trabelsi2, Ori Safran3

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva, Israel.

Journal of Biomechanics
|March 15, 2016
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Summary

This study confirms that finite element analysis (FEA) can predict proximal humerus mechanical response using bone density relationships. Further development is needed for accurate in vitro fracture simulation.

Keywords:
Finite element analysisHumerusImpacted-fracture

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Proximal humerus fractures are common, leading to ~200,000 US emergency visits annually.
  • Limited research exists on the mechanical behavior of proximal humerus fractures.
  • Hypotheses addressed mechanical prediction, bone density relationships, and in vitro fracture replication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanical response of proximal humeri using finite element analysis (FEA).
  • To validate the relationship between bone elastic modulus and ash density (E(ρash)) for the humerus.
  • To assess the feasibility of replicating proximal humerus fractures in vitro.

Main Methods:

  • CT scanning and strain gauge instrumentation of four fresh frozen proximal humeri.
  • Application of uniaxial compression at varying inclination angles to induce fractures.
  • Comparison of experimental strain data with CT-based p-FE and h-FE analyses.

Main Results:

  • The E(ρash) relationship for the femur accurately predicted humerus strains (R²=0.98).
  • Both p-FE and h-FE analyses yielded similar results for linear elastic response.
  • In vitro fractures were achieved, but FEA struggled to replicate experimental boundary conditions accurately.

Conclusions:

  • FEA effectively predicted the linear elastic response of the proximal humerus when the bone cortex is intact.
  • Accurate simulation of proximal humerus fractures requires a new non-linear constitutive model within FEA.
  • Further in vitro experiments with improved boundary condition representation are necessary for reliable fracture simulation.