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Cancer Stem Cells in the Thyroid.

Yuji Nagayama1, Mika Shimamura1, Norisato Mitsutake2

  • 1Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University , Nagasaki , Japan.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|March 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) drive tumor growth, but their role in thyroid cancer is debated. This review examines evidence for thyroid CSCs, their markers, and origins, proposing future research directions.

Keywords:
aldehyde dehydrogenasecancer stem cellsepithelial–mesenchymal transitionthyroid cancerthyrosphere

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Stem Cell Research

Background:

  • The cancer stem cell (CSC) model describes a subpopulation of cells within tumors responsible for initiation, metastasis, recurrence, and therapy resistance.
  • While CSCs are implicated in various cancers, their specific role, markers, and origins in thyroid cancer remain controversial and poorly understood.
  • Existing research presents conflicting views on whether thyroid CSC biology aligns with hierarchical or dynamic CSC models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review the existing literature on cancer stem cells in thyroid cancer.
  • To evaluate the evidence supporting the presence and function of thyroid CSCs.
  • To discuss the controversies surrounding thyroid CSC markers, origins, and models, and to propose future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of studies investigating thyroid cancer stem cells.
  • Emphasis on research employing in vitro sphere formation assays and in vivo tumor formation assays using dispersed thyroid cancer cells.
  • Analysis of studies utilizing thyroid cancer tissues and established thyroid cancer cell lines.

Main Results:

  • Evidence suggests the presence of cancer stem cells in thyroid cancer, supporting their role in tumor biology.
  • Key candidate markers and signaling pathways driving thyroid CSC growth are still under investigation and subject to debate.
  • The precise origin of thyroid CSCs remains elusive, and their behavior may not perfectly fit either the hierarchical or dynamic CSC models.

Conclusions:

  • Cancer stem cells are likely involved in thyroid cancer development and progression, but definitive markers and origins are yet to be established.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the specific CSC model applicable to thyroid cancer and to identify reliable therapeutic targets.
  • Future studies should focus on resolving the controversies surrounding thyroid CSC biology to improve understanding and treatment strategies.