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Related Concept Videos

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance02:40

Cancer Stem Cells and Tumor Maintenance

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Early diagnosis and treatment can often cure cancer. However, even with treatment, residual cells called cancer stem cells (CSC) might remain, often causing tumor recurrence. These cancer stem cells possess the potential for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation and are often responsible for the therapeutic resistance displayed in most cancers.
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Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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Cancer02:18

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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Heterogeneity Mapping of Protein Expression in Tumors using Quantitative Immunofluorescence
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Heterogeneity Mapping of Protein Expression in Tumors using Quantitative Immunofluorescence

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Tumour Cell Heterogeneity.

Laura Gay1, Ann-Marie Baker1, Trevor A Graham1

  • 1Evolution and Cancer Laboratory, Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.

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|March 15, 2016
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer cells exhibit significant diversity (intra-tumor heterogeneity) at multiple levels. This review explores the causes, extent, and implications of this cellular diversity for cancer prognosis and therapy.

Keywords:
Cancer evolutionevolutionary biomarkersintra-tumour heterogeneitypersonalised medicine

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cancer Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Tumors are composed of diverse cell populations.
  • This cellular diversity, known as intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH), impacts cancer progression.
  • Understanding ITH is crucial for effective cancer management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the extent of intra-tumor heterogeneity (ITH) in human cancers.
  • To examine the mechanisms driving ITH.
  • To discuss the clinical significance of ITH for prognostication and treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of intra-tumor heterogeneity.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on ITH mechanisms.
  • Analysis of ITH's impact on cancer outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Intra-tumor heterogeneity is a widespread feature of human malignancies.
  • Genetic, epigenetic, and phenotypic variations contribute to ITH.
  • ITH influences tumor evolution, treatment resistance, and patient prognosis.

Conclusions:

  • Intra-tumor heterogeneity presents significant challenges for cancer treatment.
  • Targeting ITH mechanisms may offer new therapeutic strategies.
  • Further research into ITH is essential for improving cancer care.