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Related Concept Videos

Frequency-dependent Selection01:21

Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Microbial Interactions: Parasitism01:22

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Parasitism is a form of microbial interaction in which parasitic microbes exploit a host organism for nutrients and shelter, often at the host's expense. Unlike mutualistic relationships, where both organisms benefit, parasitism benefits only the parasite and harms the host.Classification of ParasitesMicrobial parasites are broadly classified based on their location relative to the host.Ectoparasites remain on the host’s surface, such as the skin or outer tissues, drawing nutrients...
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Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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In addition to multiple alleles at the same locus influencing traits, numerous genes or alleles at different locations may interact and influence phenotypes in a phenomenon called epistasis. For example, rabbit fur can be black or brown depending on whether the animal is homozygous dominant or heterozygous at a TYRP1 locus. However, if the rabbit is also homozygous recessive at a locus on the tyrosinase gene (TYR), it will have an unshaded coat that appears white, regardless of its TYRP1...
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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Frequency and Distribution of Crossovers in Caenorhabditis elegans Meiosis by SNP Genotyping using Real-time PCR
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Host-parasite Red Queen dynamics with phase-locked rare genotypes.

Jomar F Rabajante1, Jerrold M Tubay1, Hiromu Ito2

  • 1Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan.; Mathematics Division, Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Physics, University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna 4031, Philippines.

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|March 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Red Queen dynamics explain host-parasite coevolution, but not rare genotypes. A new model shows how rare host and parasite types can persist, driven by competition, specificity, and noise.

Keywords:
Red Queencoevolutioncyclic dominanceenvironmental variabilityparasitismrare species

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Mathematical modeling
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Host-parasite interactions drive coevolutionary dynamics.
  • Red Queen dynamics predict cyclic changes in interacting genotypes.
  • Existing models fail to explain the persistence of rare genotypes in natural systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the persistence of rare genotypes in host-parasite systems.
  • To develop a mathematical model explaining Red Queen dynamics with multiple genotypes.
  • To identify factors influencing the evolutionary switching of dominant and subordinate genotypes.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a mathematical model with multihost and multiparasite genotypes.
  • Analyzed deterministic and stochastic dynamics.
  • Investigated the influence of interhost competition, parasitism specificity, and stochastic noise.

Main Results:

  • In deterministic conditions, Red Queen dynamics involve dominant cyclic genotypes, while others remain subordinate.
  • Stochastic noise can enable subordinate genotypes to replace dominant ones.
  • Interhost competition, parasitism specificity, and noise level affect evolutionary switching.

Conclusions:

  • The model explains the long-term persistence of rare, low-amplitude cycling genotypes.
  • This provides a novel explanation for observed patterns in natural host-parasite systems, like marine microbial communities.
  • Introduces a framework for understanding complex coevolutionary dynamics beyond simple cyclic dominance.