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Related Concept Videos

Pain01:20

Pain

1.8K
Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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Nociception01:44

Nociception

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones01:29

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

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Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...
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Thermosensation01:43

Thermosensation

35.0K
Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
35.0K
Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

Analgesia and Pain Management

2.8K
Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
2.8K
Sensory Functions of the Skin01:16

Sensory Functions of the Skin

9.3K
The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a crucial role in our sensory perception. It contains a vast network of sensory receptors that contribute to the skin's protective function by perceiving physical, biological, and environmental cues and generating relevant responses.
There are two main categories of receptors on the skin: capsulated and non-capsulated. The non-capsulated ones are mainly the pain receptors. The capsulated ones can be further categorized based on the...
9.3K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Chronic Post-Ischemia Pain Model for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type-I in Rats
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Chronic Post-Ischemia Pain Model for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type-I in Rats

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Scratching the surface: the processing of pain from deep tissues.

Shafaq Sikandar1, Eske Kvanner Aasvang2, Anthony H Dickenson1

  • 1Department of Neuroscience, Physiology & Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.

Pain Management
|March 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Deep pain from muscles and organs is common but poorly understood. Research needs to improve clinical characterization of deep pain to understand its mechanisms and chronic pain development.

Keywords:
allodyniacentral sensitizationconvergencecutaneousherniotomyhyperalgesiahysterectomyjointsmonoaminesmuscleneuropeptides NGFnociceptionosteoarthritispain

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Determining heat and mechanical pain threshold in inflamed skin of human subjects
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Last Updated: Mar 24, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pain Research
  • Somatic and Visceral Pain Mechanisms

Background:

  • Most pain research concentrates on superficial tissues like skin.
  • Deep somatic (muscles, joints) and visceral (organs) structures are significant sources of pain.
  • Understanding deep pain is crucial for addressing widespread and chronic pain conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the mechanisms underlying deep pain originating from somatic and visceral structures.
  • To explore how deep pain can lead to widespread manifestations and chronification.
  • To highlight knowledge gaps in deep pain research, particularly in top-down modulation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current research on deep pain mechanisms.
  • Discussion of altered peripheral and central sensory neurotransmission in deep pain.
  • Analysis of clinical characterization and preclinical modeling of deep pain.

Main Results:

  • Deep pain arises from complex interactions in peripheral and central nervous systems.
  • Altered neurotransmission in these pathways contributes to chronic deep pain states.
  • Significant gaps exist in understanding top-down modulation of deep pain.

Conclusions:

  • Improved clinical characterization of deep pain is essential for advancing preclinical research.
  • Further investigation into the mechanisms of deep pain is needed to understand chronic pain syndromes.
  • Bridging the gap between clinical observation and preclinical models is vital for therapeutic development.