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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
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Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

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The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
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Liver Regeneration

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The liver is an important organ in vertebrates that plays an essential role in metabolism. It is also responsible for storing and redistributing nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins in the body. Additionally, the liver releases bile salts which are critical for digesting food and eliminating toxic metabolites from the body.
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Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
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Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
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Liver Histology

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The microscopic anatomy of the liver is a complex and intricate system that comprises numerous structural units known as liver lobules, each of which is comparable in size to a sesame seed. These hexagonal structures consist of plates of liver cells or hepatocytes, which are characterized by their versatility and abundance of cellular apparatus like rough and smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
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An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis
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Staying local-antigen presentation in the liver.

Percy A Knolle1

  • 1Institute of Molecular Immunology and Experimental Oncology Technische Universität München, Germany.

Current Opinion in Immunology
|March 15, 2016
PubMed
Summary

The liver possesses unique immune cells, including liver-resident cells, that present antigens to regulate immune responses and maintain surveillance against infections.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Hepatology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The liver exhibits remarkable immune competence due to its unique microenvironment.
  • This environment is influenced by gut-derived portal blood and immune-regulatory enzymes.
  • Liver antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play a crucial role in local immune regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the diverse roles of hepatic antigen-presenting cells in immune regulation.
  • To understand how these cells contribute to immune surveillance within the liver.
  • To explore the functional outcomes of antigen presentation by various liver cell types.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of liver immune cell populations.
  • Investigation of antigen presentation pathways in hepatic cells.

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  • Assessment of immune responses, including T cell activation and tolerance induction.

    • Main Results:

    • Identified both bone marrow-derived (dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes) and liver-resident APCs (liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatocytes).
    • Demonstrated diverse functional outcomes of antigen presentation, including regulatory CD4 T cell generation and CD8 T cell memory induction.
    • Highlighted the generation of deletional tolerance as a key regulatory mechanism.

    Conclusions:

    • A complex network of APCs governs hepatic immune regulation.
    • These APCs are critical for local immune surveillance, particularly against viral infections.
    • The liver's unique cellular composition ensures sophisticated control over immune responses.