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Ethics in Research

Ethics in Research

Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.

Longitudinal Research

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...

Surveys

Surveys

Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.

Archival Research

Archival Research

Some researchers gain access to large amounts of data without interacting with a single research participant. Instead, they use existing records to answer various research questions. This type of research approach is known as archival research. Archival research relies on looking at past records or data sets to look for interesting patterns or relationships. For example, a researcher might access the academic records of all individuals who enrolled in college within the past ten years and...

Naturalistic Observations

Naturalistic Observations

If you want to understand how behavior occurs, one of the best ways to gain information is to simply observe the behavior in its natural context. However, people might change their behavior in unexpected ways if they know they are being observed. How do researchers obtain accurate information when people tend to hide their natural behavior? As an example, imagine that your professor asks everyone in your class to raise their hand if they always wash their hands after using the restroom. Chances...

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting

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Published on: January 12, 2018

Resident research: why some do and others don't.

Jason Yongsheng Chan¹, Kaavya Narasimhalu², Orlanda Goh²

¹Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore.

Singapore Medical Journal

|March 16, 2016

Summary

Resident participation in research is low, with lack of time being the main barrier. Specific beliefs about research value and clinical practice significantly influence residents' research involvement and career interest.

Keywords:

attitudes barriers clinician-scientist practices

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Area of Science:

Medical Education
Research Methodology
Academic Medicine

Background:

Research skills are crucial for resident development, yet participation rates are low.
Factors influencing resident research engagement remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate research participation rates among junior residents.
To explore residents' attitudes and perceived barriers toward research.
To identify factors associated with research involvement and career interest.

Main Methods:

An anonymised survey was administered to junior residents in an internal medicine program in Singapore.
Data were collected on research participation, attitudes, and perceived barriers.
Statistical analysis identified factors associated with research involvement.

Main Results:

A 64.1% response rate was achieved, with only one-third of residents actively participating in research.
Lack of time was the most frequently cited barrier.
Postgraduate qualifications (OR 4.71) and a belief in research's intrinsic value or benefit to clinical practice were associated with higher research interest and involvement.

Conclusions:

Specific beliefs about research significantly influence resident participation and career aspirations.
Targeted strategies within residency programs can enhance research interest and participation.
Facilitating resident research engagement is key to developing future academic clinicians.