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Related Concept Videos

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form...
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Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
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Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Minimally Invasive Treatment for Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Using Sagittal Alignment Screws and A Trauma Reduction Device
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Changes in spinal alignment.

M T Veintemillas Aráiz1, V P Beltrán Salazar1, L Rivera Valladares1

  • 1SDI-UDIAT Hospital Universitario Parc Taulí, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Sabadell, Barcelona, España.

Radiologia
|March 16, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spinal misalignments, like scoliosis, are common. Understanding their causes and progression is key for diagnosis and treatment to restore body balance and flexibility.

Keywords:
Balance coronalBalance sagitalCoronal balanceDesalineación vertebralEscoliosisPlain-film X-rayRadiografíaSagittal balanceScoliosisSpinal misalignment

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Spine Health
  • Diagnostic Imaging
  • Physical Rehabilitation

Background:

  • Spinal misalignments are frequent reasons for medical consultations.
  • Adolescent misalignments often involve idiopathic scoliosis, typically asymptomatic.
  • Adult spinal misalignments are commonly linked to degenerative changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To understand the natural history of spinal misalignments.
  • To identify factors predicting deformity progression.
  • To guide diagnosis and treatment strategies for spinal deformities.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing specific imaging studies for accurate diagnosis of spinal deformities.
  • Assessing the degree of spinal deformity.
  • Evaluating factors influencing misalignment progression.

Main Results:

  • Idiopathic scoliosis is the most frequent adolescent misalignment (80% of cases).
  • Degenerative changes are the primary cause in adults.
  • Deformity degree dictates treatment type.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis via imaging is crucial for spinal deformities.
  • Treatment aims to halt progression and restore body balance and flexibility.
  • Understanding natural history aids in predicting and managing spinal misalignments.