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Enabling technologies and green processes in cyclodextrin chemistry.

Giancarlo Cravotto1, Marina Caporaso1, Laszlo Jicsinszky1

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Summary

Green chemistry strategies for modifying cyclodextrins (CDs) are advancing. Enabling technologies like ultrasound and microwaves offer efficient, selective synthesis of novel CD derivatives, improving sustainability in chemical modifications.

Keywords:
ball millingcyclodextrinmicrowavessynthesisultrasound

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Area of Science:

  • Green Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Organic Synthesis

Background:

  • Selective modification of cyclodextrins (CDs) remains a significant challenge in synthetic chemistry.
  • Traditional methods often lack efficiency and sustainability.
  • Enabling technologies are crucial for advancing CD derivative synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and highlight recent advancements in green synthetic strategies for selective cyclodextrin modification.
  • To showcase the impact of enabling technologies on the synthesis of cyclodextrin derivatives.
  • To discuss the potential of emerging technologies in optimizing CD synthesis protocols.

Main Methods:

  • Sonochemistry: Heterogeneous phase Pd- and Cu-catalyzed hydrogenations and couplings of native CDs (α-, β-, γ-CDs).
  • Microwave Irradiation: Production of highly substituted CD derivatives, grafted materials, and polymers.
  • Mechanochemistry: Solvent-free synthesis and efficient complexation.
  • Flow Microreactors: Potential for improved repeatability and optimization of synthetic protocols.

Main Results:

  • Ultrasound-assisted synthesis enables selective modifications and catalytic reactions on CDs.
  • Microwave irradiation is effective for producing complex and highly substituted CD derivatives.
  • Mechanochemical methods provide greener, solvent-free routes for CD synthesis and complexation.
  • Flow microreactors show promise for enhancing the reproducibility and optimization of CD modification processes.

Conclusions:

  • Enabling technologies like ultrasound, microwaves, and mechanochemistry are revolutionizing the green synthesis of cyclodextrin derivatives.
  • These methods offer improved efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability compared to traditional approaches.
  • Further development of technologies like flow microreactors could lead to more robust and optimized synthetic protocols for cyclodextrins.