[Neurological manifestations of giant cell arteritis]

Area of Science:

• Rheumatology
• Neurology
• Vascular Medicine

Background:

• Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a granulomatous vasculitis affecting large and medium-sized arteries, primarily in the craniofacial region.
• It can lead to significant neurological complications, including cerebrovascular disorders, due to inflammation and intimal changes in arteries.

Discussion:

• Clinical manifestations encompass constitutional symptoms, cranial/cerebral artery vasculitis, and polymyalgia rheumatica.
• A novel taxonomy for visual disturbances in GCA patients is proposed.
• Diagnostic pathways and therapeutic strategies, focusing on glucocorticoids, are detailed.

Key Insights:

• Histopathological features illustrate panarteritis and 'postarteritis' changes contributing to cerebrovascular events.
• Understanding the diverse clinical spectrum, from constitutional symptoms to specific neurological deficits, is vital for GCA diagnosis.
• Effective management relies on prompt diagnosis and appropriate glucocorticoid therapy.

Outlook:

• Further research into GCA pathogenesis may reveal novel therapeutic targets.
• Refining diagnostic criteria and imaging techniques can improve early detection rates.
• Long-term monitoring and management strategies are essential to mitigate GCA-related morbidity.