Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

27.2K
An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
27.2K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

1.4K
In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
1.4K
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds01:14

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds

2.0K
In aromatic compounds, such as benzene, the circulation of (4n + 2) π-electrons sets up a diamagnetic or diatropic ring current around the perimeter of the molecule. This current induces a magnetic field that opposes the external field inside the ring and reinforces it on the outside. The protons in benzene are deshielded and exhibit high chemical shifts in the range 6.5–8.5 ppm. The shielding effect at the center of the ring is evident in complex aromatic molecules, such as...
2.0K
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

1.9K
An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0,...
1.9K
Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

4.2K
Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
4.2K
Energy Associated With a Charge Distribution01:21

Energy Associated With a Charge Distribution

2.0K
The work done to bring a charge through a distance r is given by the potential difference between the initial and the final position. To assemble a collection of point charges, the total work done can be expressed in terms of the product of each pair of charges divided by their separation distance, defined with respect to a suitable origin. Solving this expression gives the energy stored in a point charge distribution.
2.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Magnetic field direction detection using electromagnetically induced transparency with a vector vortex beam.

Optics letters·2026
Same author

Light shift suppression in a CPT magnetometer using linear polarization and double frequency interrogation.

Optics letters·2026
Same author

Two-dimensional imaging of electromagnetic fields via light-sheet fluorescence imaging with Rydberg atoms.

Optics letters·2025
Same author

Sensitivity of a vector atomic magnetometer based on electromagnetically induced transparency.

Optics express·2024
Same author

Application of kernel principal component analysis for optical vector atomic magnetometry.

Machine learning: science and technology·2024
Same author

Antifungal Activity of Industrial <i>Bacillus</i> Strains against <i>Mycogone perniciosa</i>, the Causative Agent of Wet Bubble Disease in White Button Mushrooms.

Microorganisms·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
10:00

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Published on: November 11, 2013

13.3K

Arithmetic with optical topological charges in stepwise-excited Rb vapor.

Alexander M Akulshin, Irina Novikova, Eugeniy E Mikhailov

    Optics Letters
    |March 16, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Researchers observed orbital angular momentum (OAM) addition, subtraction, and cancellation during parametric four-wave mixing in Rb vapor, demonstrating OAM conservation in coherent blue light generation.

    More Related Videos

    Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps
    11:45

    Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps

    Published on: August 17, 2017

    15.5K
    Excitonic Hamiltonians for Calculating Optical Absorption Spectra and Optoelectronic Properties of Molecular Aggregates and Solids
    08:04

    Excitonic Hamiltonians for Calculating Optical Absorption Spectra and Optoelectronic Properties of Molecular Aggregates and Solids

    Published on: May 27, 2020

    9.1K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Mar 24, 2026

    Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
    10:00

    Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

    Published on: November 11, 2013

    13.3K
    Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps
    11:45

    Experimental Methods for Trapping Ions Using Microfabricated Surface Ion Traps

    Published on: August 17, 2017

    15.5K
    Excitonic Hamiltonians for Calculating Optical Absorption Spectra and Optoelectronic Properties of Molecular Aggregates and Solids
    08:04

    Excitonic Hamiltonians for Calculating Optical Absorption Spectra and Optoelectronic Properties of Molecular Aggregates and Solids

    Published on: May 27, 2020

    9.1K

    Area of Science:

    • Nonlinear Optics
    • Quantum Optics
    • Atomic Physics

    Background:

    • Parametric four-wave mixing (FWM) is a nonlinear optical process.
    • Orbital angular momentum (OAM) is a fundamental property of light.
    • Coherent blue light (CBL) generation is important for various applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the transfer and conservation of OAM during FWM in Rb vapor.
    • To analyze the addition, subtraction, and cancellation of OAM.
    • To study the spectral and power characteristics of generated coherent blue light.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental observation of parametric four-wave mixing in Rubidium (Rb) vapor.
    • Utilizing resonant laser fields with different optical topological charges.
    • Analysis of spatially and temporally coherent blue light (CBL) emission.
    • Comparison of spectral and power dependences for vortex and plane wavefront beams.

    Main Results:

    • Observed addition, subtraction, and cancellation of OAM in FWM.
    • Demonstrated conservation of OAM in nonlinear wave mixing, even in noncollinear geometries.
    • Showcased that CBL accumulates the total OAM of the applied laser light.
    • Compared spectral and power characteristics of different CBL beam types.

    Conclusions:

    • OAM is conserved and transferable in FWM processes.
    • The generated CBL inherits the total OAM from the input laser fields.
    • This work provides insights into OAM manipulation in nonlinear optical phenomena.