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The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
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The skin is divided into epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis, the skin's outermost, middle, and inner layers. The human epidermal layer regularly undergoes renewal, where old, dead cells are replaced by new cells. Epidermal stem cells or EpiSCs divide and differentiate to restore the lost cells. For the renewal process, some EpiSCs continuously self-renew. In contrast, few others differentiate into transit-amplifying cells, which later form prickle or spinous cells, followed by granular...
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The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Author Spotlight: Advancing Corneal Innervation Research Through Innovative Models
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Pitted keratolysis.

Hiram Larangeira de Almeida1, Rodrigo Nunes Siqueira1, Renan da Silva Meireles1

  • 1Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.

Anais Brasileiros De Dermatologia
|March 17, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pitted keratolysis, a plantar skin condition caused by Gram-positive bacteria, presents as small, punched-out lesions. Scanning electron microscopy revealed hypokeratosis and bacterial septation on the affected skin surface.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Pitted keratolysis is a bacterial skin infection impacting the plantar stratum corneum.
  • It is characterized by the formation of small, punched-out pits on the foot's sole.

Observation:

  • A case study involved a 30-year-old male with typical plantar lesions.
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized for detailed examination of the affected skin.
  • The SEM analysis focused on the stratum corneum and acrosyringium of the plantar surface.

Findings:

  • SEM revealed hypokeratosis, indicating abnormal keratinization of the plantar skin.
  • The acrosyringium showed impaired corneocyte shedding.
  • Numerous Gram-positive bacteria were observed on the skin surface, exhibiting characteristic transversal septation.

Implications:

  • This study provides detailed ultrastructural evidence of the bacterial involvement in pitted keratolysis.
  • Understanding the bacterial morphology and its interaction with the stratum corneum can inform treatment strategies.
  • Further research into the specific bacterial species and their pathogenic mechanisms is warranted.