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Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat
Published on: September 12, 2014
Symptom profiles of natural and laboratory panic attacks
K R J Schruers1, H van de Mortel1, T Overbeek1
11Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology and Vijverdal Academic Anxiety Center, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Background:
Little accurate information is available about the symptomatology of real-life panic attacks and about how well they are reproduced by an experimental model such as the 35% CO2 challenge.
Method:
Real-life panic symptoms were assessed in a group of 67 panic disorder patients, using daily life monitoring. Panic symptoms elicited by a 35% CO2 challenge were assessed in 61 panic disorder patients, and their frequency was compared with the real-life symptoms.
Results:
The most frequent real-life symptoms were palpitations, dizziness and trembling. The 35% CO2 challenge reproduced well the majority of real-life symptoms.
Conclusion:
The findings suggest that the 35% CO2 challenge is a marker for spontaneous panic attacks, which are considered the core of panic disorder.
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