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Related Concept Videos

Substance Use Disorders Affecting Sleep01:24

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Substance use disorders involve a pattern of using drugs more extensively than intended and continuing use despite harmful consequences. This includes legal substances like alcohol and nicotine, as well as illegal drugs. These disorders often involve both physical and psychological dependence, reflecting compulsive use of substances that significantly alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, contributing to a major public health issue.
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Ethanol, a clear colorless alcohol, has been consumed by humans for millennia, but its effects on the body are far from benign. At lower doses, it induces decreased inhibitions and loquaciousness, leading to its social appeal. However, it can cause severe consequences at higher doses, such as coma and respiratory depression, due to its zero-order elimination kinetics. Chronic ethanol abuse wreaks havoc on multiple organ systems, particularly the CNS and the liver. Abrupt cessation of ethanol...
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Drug dependence, abuse, and addiction are complex phenomena that can precipitate various abnormal states. Physical dependence refers to a state of pharmacological adaptation to a drug. This adaptation often results in tolerance—a reduced response to the drug after repeated administrations. When the drug use is abruptly stopped, withdrawal symptoms occur due to the body's need to readjust from the pharmacologically induced imbalance. However, tolerance and withdrawal symptoms do not...
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Psychoactive drugs impact brain function, influencing perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, and behavior. These substances are grouped based on their effects and the mechanisms by which they act.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 24, 2026

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
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Alcohol and Drug Use and the Developing Brain.

Lindsay M Squeglia1, Kevin M Gray2,3

  • 1Addiction Sciences Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, MSC 861, Charleston, SC, USA. squegli@musc.edu.

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|March 18, 2016
PubMed
Summary

Adolescent substance use is linked to altered brain development and cognitive deficits. Pre-existing neural vulnerabilities increase risk, while heavy use impacts memory, attention, and brain structure.

Keywords:
AlcoholCognitive functioningFunctional MRI (fMRI)Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)MarijuanaNeural developmentNeuropsychological testingSubstance use

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Addiction Research

Background:

  • Adolescence is a critical neurodevelopmental period with rising rates of alcohol and drug use.
  • Understanding the impact of substance use on the developing brain is crucial for intervention and prevention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review prospective studies on pre-existing neural vulnerabilities for adolescent substance use.
  • To examine how heavy alcohol and drug use affect adolescent neural development and cognitive functions.

Main Methods:

  • Focus on recent, sophisticated longitudinal research designs.
  • Analysis of neuropsychological and neural features.
  • Review of studies examining cognitive functioning and brain changes post-substance use initiation.

Main Results:

  • Pre-existing factors include impaired inhibition/working memory, reduced gray/white matter volume, and altered brain activation.
  • Substance use is associated with deficits in memory, attention, visuospatial skills, and IQ.
  • Heavy alcohol use accelerates gray matter decrease and alters white matter development, with increased brain activation during cognitive tasks.

Conclusions:

  • Adolescent substance use has significant neurodevelopmental and cognitive consequences.
  • Identifying pre-vulnerability factors is key to understanding increased risk.
  • Further research with diverse samples is needed to explore interactive effects of multiple substances and other influencing factors.