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Aquaporins

Aquaporins

Aquaporins or AQPs are a family of integral membrane proteins whose primary function is to transport water, while some called aquaglyceroporins also transport glycerol. In addition, aquaporins have also been suspected to be involved in transporting volatile substances, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia, across membranes. Such AQPs that act as gas channels are often highly expressed in cells involved in the gaseous exchange, such as red blood cells, epithelial cells, and pulmonary capillaries.

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...

Gastritis-II: Pathophysiology

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Gastritis is marked by disruption of the mucosal barrier that usually protects the stomach tissue from digestive juices and manifests in acute and chronic forms.
In acute gastritis, the gastric mucosa becomes swollen and red and undergoes superficial erosion. Superficial ulceration may lead to bleeding.
In chronic gastritis, persistent or repeated insults lead to chronic inflammatory changes and, eventually, thinning or atrophy of the gastric tissue.
Gastritis can stem from various causes, each...

Antihypertensive Drugs: Direct Renin Inhibitors

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The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an intricate physiological pathway involving numerous enzymes and hormones, including renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin I and II, and aldosterone. Imbalances within this system increase the production of angiotensin II and aldosterone. Increased angiotensin II levels promote vasoconstriction and blood pressure elevation. Concurrently, higher aldosterone levels stimulate sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys,...

Nephrotic Syndrome II : Assessment and Medical Management

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IntroductionNephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder marked by excessive protein loss in the urine, leading to various systemic complications. This condition often results from damage to the glomeruli—the kidney's filtering units—causing proteinuria, low blood protein levels, and fluid retention. Understanding the assessment, diagnosis, and management of nephrotic syndrome is essential for effective treatment and prevention of further kidney damage.AssessmentPatient History: Document...

Antihypertensive Drugs: Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers

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In the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, a hormone called angiotensin II plays a crucial role. It binds to the AT1 receptors in vascular smooth muscles coupled with Gq proteins. The activation of these receptors activates an enzyme called phospholipase C, which releases two molecules: inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. These molecules cause a chain reaction that leads to the phosphorylation of myosin light chains and promotes interaction between actin and myosin, leading to smooth...

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Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Human Serum Anti-aquaporin-4 Immunoglobulin G Detection by Cell-based Assay

Human Serum Anti-aquaporin-4 Immunoglobulin G Detection by Cell-based Assay

Published on: April 5, 2019

Autoantibodies Targeting a Collecting Duct-Specific Water Channel in Tubulointerstitial Nephritis.

Nils Landegren¹, Mina Pourmousa Lindberg², Jakob Skov³

¹Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala Unversity, Uppsala, Sweden; nils.landegren@ki.se.

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN

|March 18, 2016

Summary

Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 can lead to kidney failure from tubulointerstitial nephritis. Autoantibodies targeting kidney collecting duct cells, including aquaporin 2, HOXB7, and NFAT5, are implicated in this autoimmune kidney disease.

Keywords:

Immunology and pathology end stage kidney disease interstitial fibrosis

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Area of Science:

Nephrology
Immunology
Endocrinology

Background:

Tubulointerstitial nephritis is a significant cause of kidney failure with varied etiologies.
The role of autoimmune mechanisms in tubulointerstitial nephritis pathogenesis remains incompletely understood.

Observation:

Three patients with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 presented with tubulointerstitial nephritis and end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
These patients developed autoantibodies targeting kidney collecting duct cells.

Findings:

One patient had autoantibodies against aquaporin 2, a water channel crucial for kidney function.
Two patients exhibited autoantibodies against HOXB7 and NFAT5 transcription factors, which regulate aquaporin 2 expression.
These findings indicate an autoimmune attack on kidney collecting duct cells.

Implications:

Suggests a novel autoimmune pathway in the development of tubulointerstitial nephritis associated with autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1.
Highlights the potential role of autoantibodies against collecting duct cells and associated regulatory factors in kidney damage.
May inform diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for autoimmune kidney diseases.