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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
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Seizures: Classification01:13

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Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
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Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

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Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: GABAergic Pathway Potentiators01:18

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γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA, plays a pivotal role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA pathway potentiators, also known as GABAergic drugs, are a class of pharmaceutical agents designed to enhance the functioning of the GABAergic system. These medications primarily treat epilepsy, a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures.
The key GABA pathway potentiators used in epilepsy management are as follows.
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Dynamic Clamp Methods to Investigate Impaired Neuronal Excitability Associated with Autism
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Epilepsy and Autism.

Ashura W Buckley1, Gregory L Holmes2

  • 1National Institute Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
|March 19, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Epilepsy and autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) often occur together. Brain connectivity differences, potentially due to an altered excitatory/inhibitory balance, may link these conditions and ASD behaviors.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Neuroscience
  • Clinical Neurology

Background:

  • Epilepsy and autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) frequently co-occur.
  • Children with ASD exhibit higher rates of electroencephalogram (EEG) epileptiform activity compared to neurotypical children.
  • Both conditions are influenced by complex genetic and environmental factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the relationship between aberrant brain connectivity and the comorbidity of epilepsy and ASD.
  • To investigate the potential role of excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) ratio imbalance in driving overconnectivity in comorbid cases.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalogram (EEG) to assess brain connectivity.
  • Analyzing patterns of under- or overconnectivity in individuals with ASD.
  • Examining the excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) ratio in brain regions associated with comorbid epilepsy and ASD.

Main Results:

  • Growing evidence suggests autism is characterized by aberrant brain connectivity, including under- or overconnectivity.
  • In comorbid epilepsy and ASD, an imbalanced E/I ratio may contribute to observed overconnectivity.
  • Specific brain connectivity alterations are implicated in the manifestation of ASD behaviors.

Conclusions:

  • Aberrant brain connectivity is a key feature in autistic spectrum disorder.
  • An imbalance in the brain's excitatory/inhibitory ratio may underlie overconnectivity in individuals with comorbid epilepsy and ASD.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms linking altered connectivity to ASD-specific behaviors in comorbid cases.