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Radical Formation: Homolysis00:54

Radical Formation: Homolysis

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A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
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Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide02:44

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Osmium Tetraoxide

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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate02:21

Oxidation of Alkenes: Syn Dihydroxylation with Potassium Permanganate

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Alkenes can be dihydroxylated using potassium permanganate.  The method encompasses the reaction of an alkene with a cold, dilute solution of potassium permanganate under basic conditions to form a cis-diol along with a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
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sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
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Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic...
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Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework
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Pure H⁻ conduction in oxyhydrides.

Genki Kobayashi1, Yoyo Hinuma2, Shinji Matsuoka3

  • 1Research Center of Integrative Molecular Systems (CIMoS), Institute for Molecular Science, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan. Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan. gkobayashi@ims.ac.jp kanno@echem.titech.ac.jp.

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Summary

Researchers developed novel oxyhydrides for pure hydride ion (H-) conduction, a breakthrough for energy storage and conversion devices. This discovery paves the way for advanced electrochemical applications using hydride ion conductors.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Proton (H+) conducting oxides are established for electrochemical devices like fuel cells.
  • Pure hydride ion (H-) conduction in oxides, distinct from mixed ionic-electronic conduction, remained unachieved.
  • Hydride ions offer potential for fast transport and high-energy storage due to their size and reducing ability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and investigate novel oxide-based materials for pure hydride ion (H-) conduction.
  • To explore the potential of K2NiF4-type oxyhydrides as hydride ion conductors.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of pure H- conduction in an all-solid-state electrochemical cell.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a series of K2NiF4-type oxyhydrides with the general formula La(2-x-y)Sr(x + y)LiH(1-x + y)O(3-y).
  • Fabrication and testing of an all-solid-state TiH2/o-La2LiHO3/Ti electrochemical cell.
  • Electrochemical performance evaluation to confirm the conduction mechanism.

Main Results:

  • Successful preparation of K2NiF4-type oxyhydrides.
  • The TiH2/o-La2LiHO3/Ti cell demonstrated conclusive evidence of pure hydride ion (H-) conduction.
  • The synthesized oxyhydride, specifically o-La2LiHO3 (x=y=0), exhibited pure H- conductivity.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully demonstrated pure hydride ion (H-) conduction in an oxide-based material for the first time.
  • The developed oxyhydrides are promising candidates for advanced electrochemical devices requiring efficient H- transport.
  • This breakthrough opens new avenues for high-energy storage and conversion technologies utilizing hydride ion conductors.