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Evolutionary routes to stable ownership.

D Hare1, H K Reeve2, B Blossey1

  • 1Department of Natural Resources, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.

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Summary

Ownership evolves through a new strategy, Restraint With Retaliation (RWR), where respect for possession becomes adaptive. This biological ownership concept applies across species, offering cooperative solutions to resource competition.

Keywords:
conflictcooperationownershippossessionrestraint with retaliationterritorialitytragedy of the commonstug-of-war

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Behavioral ecology
  • Game theory

Background:

  • Ownership is a complex concept observed across species.
  • Distinguishing possession from ownership is crucial for understanding its evolution.
  • Previous research has not fully explored the evolutionary underpinnings of ownership.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define species-neutral criteria for ownership.
  • To introduce and analyze a novel evolutionary strategy for ownership: Restraint With Retaliation (RWR).
  • To explore the broader implications of ownership as a unifying biological phenomenon.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a variant of the tug-of-war evolutionary game.
  • Assumed equal resource holding potential (RHP) between interactants.
  • Analyzed the conditions under which RWR becomes an evolutionarily stable strategy.

Main Results:

  • Developed species-neutral criteria for ownership based on respect for possession.
  • Demonstrated that RWR can evolve when resource holding asymmetry is relatively low.
  • Identified ownership as a potential solution to collective action problems and tragedies of the commons.

Conclusions:

  • Ownership is an evolutionarily tractable phenomenon applicable across diverse taxa.
  • RWR represents a biologically realistic pathway for the evolution of ownership.
  • Ownership should be recognized as a fundamental, unifying concept in biology.