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Proteomics01:33

Proteomics

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A proteome is the entire set of proteins that a cell type produces. We can study proteomes using the knowledge of genomes because genes code for mRNAs, and the mRNAs encode proteins. Although mRNA analysis is a step in the right direction, not all mRNAs are translated into proteins.
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Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also...
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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
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The Proteasome01:13

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Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important among these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
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Eukaryotic cells can degrade proteins through several pathways. One of the most important amongst these is the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. It helps the cell eliminate the misfolded, damaged, or unwarranted cytoplasmic proteins in a highly specific manner.
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Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
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Manipulation of Ploidy in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Polyploidy and the proteome.

Douglas E Soltis1, Biswapriya B Misra2, Shengchen Shan3

  • 1Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA; Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|March 20, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polyploidy research is advancing, but the proteome

Keywords:
GenomePolyploidyProteome featuresProteomicsTranscriptomeWhole-genome duplication

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biology
  • Genomics
  • Proteomics

Background:

  • Significant progress in understanding genetic and genomic impacts of polyploidy over 20 years.
  • Knowledge of polyploidy's effect on the proteome is still developing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Stimulate further research, especially large-scale proteomic analyses of polyploids and their progenitors.
  • Investigate the relationship between transcriptomic data and proteomic profiles in polyploids.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of proteomic profiles in polyploids.
  • Comparison of proteomic data with genomic and transcriptomic data.

Main Results:

  • Proteomes do not always mirror transcriptomes in polyploids.
  • Observed non-additive patterns and novelty in proteomic profiles.
  • Allopolyploids often combine parental contributions, sometimes with parental genome dominance; autopolyploids show quantitative differences.

Conclusions:

  • Proteomic data offer insights into polyploidy's consequences beyond genomic and transcriptomic analyses.
  • Linking proteomic changes to phenotype (morphology, physiology) is a key future research direction.