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Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
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Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
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Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
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Updated: Mar 24, 2026

Implantation and Recording of Wireless Electroretinogram and Visual Evoked Potential in Conscious Rats
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Developing transcutaneous nanoenabled anaesthetics for eyelid surgery.

Aikaterini Lalatsa1, Krisztina Emeriewen2, Vasiliki Protopsalti1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.

The British Journal of Ophthalmology
|March 20, 2016
PubMed
Summary

This study explores needleless lidocaine delivery for eyelid surgery using nanomedicines. Nanoparticle formulations showed promising transcutaneous drug delivery, exceeding current topical treatments.

Keywords:
DrugsExperimental &#8211 laboratoryEye LidsPharmacologyTreatment other

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Nanotechnology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Local anesthesia for eyelid surgery carries risks, driving research into needleless alternatives.
  • Nanomedicines offer potential for transcutaneous drug delivery.
  • Investigating nanoenabled lidocaine delivery is crucial for safer surgical anesthesia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the feasibility of nanoenabled lidocaine delivery across an artificial skin analogue.
  • To characterize lidocaine-loaded polymeric micelles (PMs), solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), and self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS).
  • To evaluate the transcutaneous permeation of lidocaine using these nanocarrier systems.

Main Methods:

  • Three lidocaine-loaded nanocarriers (PMs, SLNs, SNEDDS) were prepared and characterized for size, zeta-potential, and morphology.
  • Diffusion studies were conducted using cellulose membranes and Franz cells.
  • Lidocaine loading capacity and cumulative permeation were quantified over 6 hours.

Main Results:

  • SNEDDS exhibited the highest lidocaine loading (50±2.1 mg/g), followed by PMs (13.4±0.6 mg/mL) and SLNs (2.8±0.5 mg/mL).
  • All nanocarriers were below 150 nm, demonstrating good colloidal stability and spherical morphology.
  • PMs and SNEDDS showed significant cumulative lidocaine concentrations after 6 hours, surpassing SLNs, with all formulations achieving higher flux than current topical lidocaine products.

Conclusions:

  • Nanoenabled lidocaine delivery systems show significant potential for transcutaneous administration in eyelid surgery.
  • The developed nanomedicines demonstrate superior lidocaine delivery compared to existing topical formulations.
  • These findings support the advancement of needleless anesthesia techniques for ophthalmic procedures.