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Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis01:30

Pulmonary Hypertension: Classification and Pathogenesis

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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe health condition in which the mean pulmonary arterial pressure increases to 25 mmHg or more, even when the body is at rest. This high pressure in the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs can cause various symptoms, including shortness of breath, can lead to right heart failure, and significantly affect the overall quality of life.
There are various classifications for PH, each relating to different underlying causes and also...
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Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Calcium Channel Blockers01:26

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Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and calcium channel blockers (CCBs) are two critical categories of drugs employed in the treatment of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). PAH is a disease that causes high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries, resulting in chest pain, fatigue, and shortness of breath.
TKIs, such as imatinib (Gleevec), are particularly effective in tackling the growth and mitogenic factors that become upregulated in PAH patients. These factors contribute to the...
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Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure01:16

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Oxygen therapy has emerged as a significant tool in enhancing the quality of life for patients suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While this therapy has principally been studied on patients with significant hypoxemia, this therapeutic approach helps prevent potential organ damage and can be administered in the comfort of one's home.
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Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists01:18

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Endothelins (ETs) are potent vasoactive peptides critical in the human body's various physiological and pathological processes. One of the most promising therapeutic strategies for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) involves counteracting the effects of these endothelins using a class of drugs known as endothelin receptor antagonists.
ETs are synthesized through a complex sequence of enzymatic steps, primarily involving an enzyme referred to as endothelin-converting enzyme...
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Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors01:28

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Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are potent enzymes that function to hydrolyze cyclic nucleotides to their corresponding 5' monophosphates. Their unique biochemical properties have been applied in treating Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH).
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Left Atrial Stenosis Induced Pulmonary Venous Arterialization and Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension in Rat
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Pulmonary hypertension in thyroid diseases.

Pietro Scicchitano1, Ilaria Dentamaro2, Francesco Tunzi3

  • 1Cardiology Section, Hospital of Ostuni, ASL BR, Ostuni, Brindisi, Italy.

Endocrine
|March 21, 2016
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Thyroid hormones significantly impact the cardiovascular system. This review explores their role in pulmonary hypertension, seeking new management strategies for thyroid and cardiovascular diseases.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Physiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Pulmonary Medicine

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones profoundly influence cardiovascular function, affecting heart contractility, relaxation, and electrophysiology.
  • Thyroid dysfunction, including hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, is linked to cardiovascular alterations.
  • The specific mechanisms linking thyroid disease to pulmonary vascular changes remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the existing literature on the influence of thyroid hormones on pulmonary vascular beds.
  • To elucidate the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying pulmonary hypertension in thyroid diseases.
  • To explore novel perspectives for managing patients with co-existing thyroid and cardiovascular conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature search of studies investigating thyroid hormones and pulmonary vasculature.
  • Analysis of reported associations between hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism and pulmonary arterial pressure.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on the interaction between thyroid function and pulmonary vascular beds.

Main Results:

  • Established link between thyroid diseases (hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism) and elevated pulmonary arterial pressure.
  • Identification of gaps in understanding the precise pathogenetic pathways involved.
  • Highlighting the need for further research into thyroid hormone effects on pulmonary circulation.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormones play a critical role in regulating pulmonary vascular tone and function.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for diagnosing and treating pulmonary hypertension in thyroid patients.
  • This review aims to guide future research and clinical management strategies for integrated thyroid and cardiovascular care.