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Related Concept Videos

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Generation of Human Blood Vessel Organoids from Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Concise review: programming human pluripotent stem cells into blood.

Jennifer Easterbrook1, Antonella Fidanza1, Lesley M Forrester1

  • 1MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.

British Journal of Haematology
|March 22, 2016
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Generating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vitro from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could revolutionize blood disorder treatments. Modulating intrinsic signals via transcription factors shows promise for producing functional HSCs, overcoming donor dependency and transfusion risks.

Keywords:
differentiationhematopoietic progenitors cellshematopoietic stem cellspluripotent stem cellsprogrammingtranscription factors

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Hematology
  • Regenerative medicine

Background:

  • Current cell therapies for blood disorders rely on donor-derived cells, posing risks of infection and immune incompatibility.
  • Producing autologous hematopoietic cells in vitro could overcome these limitations, but generating long-term reconstituting HSCs remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review strategies for enhancing hematopoietic cell production from human pluripotent stem cells.
  • To explore the potential of modulating intrinsic cellular signals, specifically through transcription factor expression, as an alternative to extrinsic signal manipulation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing studies on hematopoietic cell differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells.
  • Focus on approaches involving the enforced expression of single or multiple transcription factors.
  • Consideration of recent advancements in synthetic transcription factor technology.

Main Results:

  • Enforced expression of transcription factors has been used to enhance hematopoietic cell production from pluripotent stem cells.
  • This intrinsic programming approach offers a promising alternative to optimizing extrinsic signals.
  • Advances in synthetic transcription factors further enhance the potential of this method.

Conclusions:

  • Modulating intrinsic signals through transcription factor expression is a viable strategy for generating hematopoietic cells in vitro.
  • This approach holds significant promise for the future production of fully functional hematopoietic stem cells.
  • It could lead to safer and more effective cell therapies for blood disorders, reducing reliance on donors.