[Energy imparted and effective dose equivalent in radiographic examination using panoramic and intraoral film...

Studies of energy imparted (mJ) and effective dose equivalents (mu Sv) following rotational panoramic radiography and intraoral full mouth surveys from the past 10 years are reviewed (Tables 1 and 2). Energy and dose values are compared. Factors influencing energy imparted and effective dose equivalents are discussed (measuring techniques, calculation principles, generator, kilovoltage, filtration and half-value layer, irradiated field, collimation, intensifying screens, film sensitivity, focus to object distance, sex and age of patients, inaccurate technical specifications, individual x-ray unit characteristics). In general it is concluded that one panoramic examination means less energy imparted to the patient and a lower effective dose equivalent than an intraoral full mouth survey. However, a number af factors are of influence, and the change of a single factor may have a dramatic effect and reverse the situation. When comparing individual cases all factors of known influence must be considered and general conclusions cannot be applicated without reservations.