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Ungulate malaria parasites.

Thomas J Templeton1,2, Masahito Asada1, Montakan Jiratanh3

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Molecular methods reveal new Plasmodium parasite types in water buffalo and goats, expanding the known distribution of ungulate malaria. These findings suggest multiple independent host-switching events of Plasmodium from birds to mammals.

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Area of Science:

  • Parasitology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Haemosporida parasites, including Plasmodium, infect even-toed ungulates globally.
  • Characterization has historically relied on microscopy, limiting molecular insights.
  • Previous reports of buffalo Plasmodium were confined to India.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply molecular techniques to identify and understand the evolutionary relationships of ungulate malaria parasites.
  • To investigate the presence and diversity of Plasmodium in water buffalo and goats using molecular methods.
  • To determine the geographical distribution and phylogenetic placement of ungulate-associated Plasmodium.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted Plasmodium cytb-specific nested PCR surveys on blood samples from water buffalo (Vietnam, Thailand) and goats (Zambia).
  • Isolated and sequenced complete mitochondrial DNA from identified Plasmodium types.
  • Inferred phylogenetic relationships using complete mitochondrial DNA sequences.

Main Results:

  • Plasmodium was readily detected in water buffalo from Vietnam and Thailand, extending its known geographical range.
  • Identified two Plasmodium sequence types (I and II) in water buffalo and a third type (III) in goats.
  • Phylogenetic analysis placed ungulate malaria parasites as a monophyletic clade branching before other mammalian Plasmodium, birds, and lizards.

Conclusions:

  • Ungulate malaria parasites form a distinct evolutionary lineage within Haemosporida.
  • The findings support multiple independent host-switching events of Plasmodium from avian hosts to various mammalian lineages, including ungulates.
  • Molecular data significantly enhances the understanding of Plasmodium diversity and evolution in ungulates.