Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 23, 2026

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory
10:03

A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

Published on: February 28, 2013

26.7K

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors and cardiovascular outcomes

Helmut O Steinberg1

  • 1a Medicine-Endocrinology, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Faculty , University of Tennessee Health Science Center , Memphis , TN , USA.

Postgraduate Medicine
|March 22, 2016
PubMed

Insights

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors may reduce cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes. The EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial showed SGLT2 inhibitors reduced cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in high-risk patients.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) significantly increases cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality.
  • Patients with T2DM often have comorbidities that exacerbate CV disease risk.
  • The impact of intensive glucose control on CV outcomes in T2DM remains uncertain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the CV safety and outcomes of Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in T2DM patients.
  • To highlight findings from the EMPA-REG OUTCOME study regarding SGLT2 inhibitor efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical trial data for SGLT2 inhibitors.
  • Focus on the EMPA-REG OUTCOME study design and results.

Main Results:

  • SGLT2 inhibitors demonstrate reductions in blood pressure and body weight, alongside glucose lowering.
  • The EMPA-REG OUTCOME study is the first to show a glucose-lowering agent reducing CV mortality.
  • Significant reductions in all-cause mortality and heart failure hospitalizations were observed.

Conclusions:

  • SGLT2 inhibitors represent a promising therapeutic class for managing CV risk in T2DM.
  • Beyond glucose control, SGLT2 inhibitors offer multifaceted benefits for CV risk reduction in T2DM.
  • The EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial provides robust evidence for the CV benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors.
Keywords:
Cardiovascular outcomescardiovascular safetycomorbiditysodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitorstype 2 diabetes

More Related Videos

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

19.5K
Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain08:32

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain

Published on: January 4, 2018

11.0K

Related Concept Videos

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...
912
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are...
841
Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
28.1K
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
926
Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
140.7K
Secondary Active Transport01:32

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
13.2K