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Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

35.5K
The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
35.5K
Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

47.6K
Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
47.6K
Target Cell Response to Hormones01:22

Target Cell Response to Hormones

5.0K
Hormones intricately bind to receptors on the surface or within target cells, initiating a cascade of cellular responses.
Notably, the cellular response can be regulated by altering the number of receptors expressed in the cell. For example, prolonged exposure to elevated hormone levels results in a gradual decline or down-regulation in the number of receptors for that specific hormone on the cell surface. Conversely, in response to low hormone levels, cells may use up-regulation, producing an...
5.0K
Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

5.9K
Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral...
5.9K
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

1.3K
The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

6.3K
The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 31, 2025

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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Estrogen turns down "the AIRE".

Pearl Bakhru, Maureen A Su

    The Journal of Clinical Investigation
    |March 22, 2016
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Estrogen reduces the expression of the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene in females. This sex-specific effect may explain why women have a higher incidence of autoimmune diseases.

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    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Endocrinology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Autoimmune diseases have a higher incidence in women, suggesting sex-specific factors contribute to their development.
    • The autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene is crucial for maintaining central tolerance, and its loss leads to autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the role of sex-specific factors, particularly estrogen, in the regulation of AIRE gene expression.
    • To explore the link between estrogen-mediated AIRE downregulation and the higher incidence of autoimmune diseases in females.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of AIRE gene expression in females.
    • Investigation of estrogen-mediated alterations at the AIRE promoter.

    Main Results:

    • AIRE expression is downregulated in females.
    • Estrogen mediates alterations at the AIRE promoter, leading to reduced AIRE expression.

    Conclusions:

    • The association between estrogen and reduced AIRE expression may partially explain the elevated incidence of autoimmune diseases in women.
    • Findings have potential implications for understanding and developing sex hormone therapies for autoimmune conditions.